PHP method to implement database table capacity management

With the rapid development of web applications, the use of relational databases is growing. Correspondingly, the need to process large amounts of data is also increasing. Large web applications often require the use of complex data models to support their business logic. These data models often require the storage of large amounts of data, so it becomes very important for database administrators to manage and optimize the capacity of the database. Database sharding is a popular approach when managing capacity because it not only improves database performance but also reduces the workload of database administrators.

PHP is a very popular server-side scripting language that can easily access relational databases through its PDO extension. In this article, we will introduce a method to implement database table capacity management using PHP.

Step 1: Determine the way to divide tables
There are two main ways to divide tables into databases: divide tables by ID and divide tables by time.

Separating tables by ID means storing records whose primary key is ID in different tables. The name of each table contains a suffix, such as "table_1", "table_2", etc. When adding a new record, we can determine in which table it should be stored based on the ID of the new record.

Spreading tables by time means allocating records to different tables according to their creation time. For example, we can store the records of the most recent month in "table_recent", the records of the previous month in "table_last_month", and so on.

Whether it is splitting tables by ID or by time, we need to consider splitting tables when designing the database. For this example, we will explain it by dividing the table by ID.

Step 2: Create initial table and functional functions
First, we need to create an initial table to store data. This table will have the same structure as the other tables being split. In this example, we will assume that we create a table named "table_initial" to store data.

At the same time, we are going to create some functional functions that will be used to add, update, and delete records as well as retrieve records from the table. These functional functions do not need to know whether the data is stored in a single table. They just need to look up all tables at query time. Here are a few example functions:

add_record($data): Adds a new record to the database.
update_record($id, $data): Update an existing record to new data.
delete_record($id): Delete a record from the database.
get_record($id): Retrieve the record with the specified ID.

Step 3: Perform logical control and table management functions
When a new record is added to the database, we need to check it before adding it. If the number of records in the table has exceeded the set capacity limit, we need to create a new table to store new records and add data to the new table. Once a new table is created, we need to store the name of the table and the table's ID range in the record.

To execute this logic control, we need to create an "add_record" function. The following is sample code:

function add_record($data) {
$pdo = connect_to_database();
$table_name = "table_initial";
$table_limit = 10000;
$ table_count = 1;
$id = get_next_id();
$table=$table_name."_".$table_count;
$result = $pdo->query("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM $table_name");
$count = $result->fetchColumn();

if ($count >= $table_limit) {
$table_count ;
$table=$ table_name."_".$table_count;
create_new_table($table);
update_tables($table_count, $table);
}

$pdo->beginTransaction();
$query = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO $table (id, data) VALUES(:id, :data)");
$query->execute(array(":id" = > $id, ":data" => $data));
$pdo->commit();
}

The above code is a simple example, which checks " table_initial" table has more than 10,000 rows of records. If yes, then we create a new table named "table_initial_2" and store the newly added records in this table. Additionally, we update a table called "tables" that stores information about each table.

After the above functions, we need to write several other functions:

create_new_table($table): Create a new data table.
update_tables($count,$table): Add the newly created table to the "tables" table.

Step 4: Query records
Querying records requires considering the table splitting method in the previous design, so a function needs to be written to extract records from all tables. Here you need to dynamically build SQL queries to retrieve records with specific conditions in all tables. The following is an example:

function get_records($conditions) {
$pdo = connect_to_database();
$query = "SELECT * FROM ";
$tables = get_table_names();
$query_parts = array();

foreach($tables as $table) {

$query_parts[] = "(SELECT * FROM $table WHERE $conditions)";

}

$full_query = $query.join(" UNION " , $query_parts);
$stmt = $pdo->prepare($full_query);
$stmt->execute();
return $stmt->fetchAll();
}

The above function assembles a query to retrieve all records in all tables filtered by a specific condition.

Conclusion
It is very easy to use PHP to manage database capacity and sharding. In this article, we introduce how to use PHP to implement database table capacity management. We learned about some best practices for table design, function writing, and logic flow. While there are many details to pay attention to in practice, this is a very powerful tool that can help developers, database administrators, and web applications build efficient, manageable, and scalable databases.

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