How to implement object-oriented encapsulation in Java?

1. Understand packaging

A simple sentence is the shell shielding details.

For example, a mobile phone contains batteries, chips, motherboards, cameras, screens, and other electronic components.

For our users, just being able to turn on and off the phone, adjust the volume, and make and receive phone calls is enough.

There is no need to consider the internal wiring and electronic components. It doesn’t matter what model it is.

So mobile phone manufacturers will use shells to encapsulate the electronic devices inside to make it more convenient for users to use. It is this idea

and one of our core features of object-oriented The packaging is similar.

More formally speaking: organically combine data and methods of operating data, hide the properties and implementation details of objects, and only expose the interface to interact with objects

According to my popular Understanding is, for example, communicating with someone. I don’t pay attention to how he makes a sound. I only need to listen to what he says.

2. Control access rights -Access modifier

Since encapsulation in Java only leaves the interface to interact with the object, then how to implement this interface and control and hide the details inside, this is where access modifiers are mentioned

The role of access modifiers: Encapsulation is achieved through control classes and access rights

Classes can combine data and methods of encapsulating data,

And access rights are used to control Can methods or fields be used directly outside the class

???? (Public) public: The members, methods or classes it modifies can be accessed anywhere.

????(inherited) protected: see the back,

????(default) default: access in the same package

???? (Private) private: can only be accessed in the current class

public class TestDemo01 {
    int year;
    //默认权限,可以省略default
    private int month;
    //私有权限，只能在同一个类中访问
    public int day;
    //公有权限，那里都能访问
}

Demonstrate below

In the first class TestDemo01

In the two classes TestDemo02

we found that month cannot be found. This is because we wrote its access permission as private and made it private. The class cannot be accessed. This is the implementation of encapsulation, month can only be used in TestDemo01.

We implement encapsulation in order to leave only the interface and not show the details.

Let’s demonstrate the encapsulated interface

If It is said that many members are private. We don’t need to write these two interfaces one by one. We can use the function of idea to write them quickly.

3. Understand the requirements for encapsulation To know - package

3.1 Understand the concept of package

The existence of package is to better manage classes, collect multiple classes together into a group, group them and similar directories

Package is the embodiment of the encapsulation mechanism of classes, interfaces, etc. It is a good way of organizing classes or interfaces, etc.

Package also has a very important role in that it can be used in the same project Classes with the same name are allowed in , as long as they are in different packages.

3.2 Import classes in the package

Let’s see why the error is reported

How to solve this problem, you need to specify a specific package

package com.toabao.www;
import java.util.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class TestDemo03 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] array = {1,2,3,4,5};
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(array));
        java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date();
        java.sql.Date date1 = new java.sql.Date(12);
    }
}

Use import static to import static methods and fields in the package

import static java.lang.Math.*;
public class TestDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
    double x = 13;
    double y = 14;
    double result = sqrt(pow(x,2)+pow(y,2));
}
}

3.3 Customize the package

Look at the steps first. If you don’t know how, you can try to create a package yourself

Note:

1. After the package is created , in the file, there must be a package statement at the top to indicate which package the file is in (idea will automatically add it)

2. The naming of the package is usually For example, it is the reverse name of the domain name

3. We can take a look at the location where the code is stored. The package we just created

3.4 Access permission control

The same class in the same package

package Demo01;
public class Test01 {
    int count = 10;
    public void func(){
        System.out.println(count);
    }
}

Access of different classes in the same package

In different packages The access permissions of the subclasses

the previous count are default, that is, default. Subclasses and non-subclasses in different packages cannot be accessed

If you must access, you can change the access permission to public,

3.5 Common packages in java

1. java.lang: Commonly used basic classes in the system (String, Object), you don’t need to write them after JDK1.1, they will be imported automatically,

2. java.lang.reflflect:java reflection programming package

3. java.net: Network programming development package

4. java.sql: Support package for database development

5. java.util: It is a tool package provided by java

6. java.io:I/O programming development package

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