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Is it necessary to introduce parent class in PHP inheritance?

王林
Release: 2023-02-25 10:34:01
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Is it necessary to introduce parent class in PHP inheritance?

PHP中类与继承

在php中,类型的继承使用extends关键字,而且最多只能继承一个父类,php不支持多继承。

class MyClass  
{ 
 public $dat = 0; 
 public function __construct($dat) { 
  $this->dat = $dat; 
 } 
 public function getDat() { 
  return "$this->dat\n"; 
 } 
} 
class MySubClass extends MyClass 
{ 
 public function getDat() { 
  return "dat: $this->dat\n"; 
 } 
} 
$a = new MyClass(3); 
$b = new MySubClass(4); 
echo $a->getDat();  // 3 
echo $b->getDat();  // dat: 4
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方法覆盖

包括构造函数在内,子类可以重新定义同名的类方法以覆盖父类方法。覆盖时遵循以下规则:

1.除构造函数之外,其他函数在覆盖时,函数的参数列表必须相同

2.包括构造函数在内,方法被覆盖后,调用子类方法时并不会自动调用父类方法

3.如果父类要禁止方法被子类覆盖,可以使用final来声明方法,这时如果子类仍要覆盖父类方法,将会出错

class MyClass  
{ 
 private $name = ""; 
 public $num = 0; 
 public $str = ""; 
 public function __construct($name) { 
  $this->name = $name; 
  $this->num = 100; 
  $this->str = "none"; 
 } 
 public function getName() { 
  return $this->name; 
 } 
} 
class MySubClass extends MyClass 
{ 
 public function __construct($name, $str) { 
  parent::__construct($name);    // 调用父类方法 
  $this->num = "0"; 
  $this->str = $str; 
  echo parent::getName()."\n";    // 调用父类方法 
 } 
 public function getName() { 
  return parent::getName()."$this->str\n"; // 调用父类方法 
 } 
} 
$b = new MySubClass("myName", true);  // myName 
echo $b->getName();          // myName1 
class MyClass  
{ 
 final public function getName() { 
 } 
}
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属性重定义

class MyClass  
{ 
 public $a = 1; 
 protected $b = 2; 
 private $c = 3; 
 public function f1() { 
  echo "MyClass f1\n"; 
  echo "\$a:$this->a; \$b:$this->b; \$c:$this->c;\n"; 
 } 
 protected function f2() { 
  echo "MyClass f2\n"; 
  echo "\$a:$this->a; \$b:$this->b; \$c:$this->c;\n"; 
 } 
 private function f3() { 
  echo "MyClass f3\n"; 
 } 
} 
class MySubClass extends MyClass  
{ 
 public $b = 22; 
 public $c = 33; 
 public function f1() { 
  echo "MySubClass f1\n"; 
  // 继承到父类中的$a属性,直接使用 
  echo "\$a:$this->a; \$b:$this->b; \$c:$this->c;\n"; 
  // 调用父类中的同名方法 
  parent::f1(); 
  // 继承到父类中的f2()方法,直接使用 
  $this->f2(); 
 } 
 // 父类的f3()是私有的,这里的定义与父类无关 
 public function f3() { 
  echo "MySubClass f3\n"; 
 } 
} 
$b = new MySubClass; 
$b->f1();echo "\n"; 
/* 
MySubClass f1 
$a:1; $b:22; $c:33; 
MyClass f1 
$a:1; $b:22; $c:3; 
MyClass f2 
$a:1; $b:22; $c:3; 
*/ 
$b->f3();echo "\n"; 
/* 
MySubClass f3 
*/
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重定义父类(同名)属性时,属性的可访问性可以变得更开放,但不能更严格,也就是说,父类中的public属性,不能在子类中修改为private属性。

如果通过子类对象调用父类方法,那么该父类方法在访问属性时,对于重定义了的同名属性,public和protected的属性将访问到子类版本,private属性将访问到父类版本。也可以理解为,public和protected属性可以被重定义(父类的版本被重定义,从而不存在了),而private并未被重定义(父类中的属性仍然存在,通过父类方法进行访问,与子类中是否有同名属性毫不相干)。

final关键字

声明为final的方法不能被子类覆盖,如果类声明为final,则此类不能被继承。

// 声明为final的类不能被继承 
final class MyClass 
{ 
 private $dat; 
 public function __construct($dat) { 
  $this->dat = $dat; 
 } 
 // final方法不能被覆盖,不过此类已经是final类,方法无必要在声明为final了 
 final public function getDat() { 
  return $this->dat; 
 } 
}
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