1. Introduction
The constraints are the same as the width of the data type and are optional parameters
Function: Used to ensure data The integrity and consistency
is mainly divided into:
PRIMARY KEY (PK) #Identifies this field as the primary key of the table, which can be uniquely identified Record
FOREIGN KEY (FK) #Identifies this field as the foreign key of the table
NOT NULL #Identifies that this field cannot be empty
UNIQUE KEY (UK) #The value that identifies this field is unique
AUTO_INCREMENT #The value that identifies this field grows automatically (integer type, And it is the primary key)
DEFAULT #Set the default value for this field
UNSIGNED #Unsigned
ZEROFILL #Use 0 to fill
Instructions:
#1. Whether to allow empty, the default is NULL, NOT NULL can be set, the field is not allowed Is empty, must be assigned a value
#2. Whether the field has a default value, the default value is NULL, if the field is not assigned a value when inserting the record, this field uses the default value
sex enum ('male','female') not null default 'male'
#Must be a positive value (unsigned), not allowed to be empty, the default is 20age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20
# 3. Whether it is key
primary key
foreign key foreign key
index (index, unique...)
2. NOT NULL and DEFAULT
Whether it is nullable, null means empty, non-string
not null - not nullable
null - nullable
Default value, you can specify the default value when creating a column. If it is not actively set when inserting data, the default value will be automatically added
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null);Note:
1. Default The value can be empty
2. Set not null, and it cannot be empty when inserting the value
3. After setting the id field to have a default value, it will work regardless of whether the id field is null or not null. Insert a blank, and the default value specified by default is filled in when inserting a blank
3. UNIQUE
Chinese translation: different. In mysql, it is called single column unique
Example: Create a company department table (each company has a unique department)
mysql> create table department(
-> id int,
-> name char(10)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into department values(1,'IT'),(2,'IT');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> select * from department;
+------+------+| id | name |
+------+------+| 1 | IT |
| 2 | IT |
+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 发现： 同时插入两个IT部门也是可以的，但这是不合理的，所以我们要设置name字段为unique 解决这种不合理的现象。Next, use the constraint unique to define the company department fields to set.
#第一种创建unique的方式#例子1：create table department(
id int,
name char(10) unique
);
mysql> insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'it');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'it' for key 'name'
#例子2：create table department(
id int unique,
name char(10) unique
);
insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');
#第二种创建unique的方式create table department(
id int,
name char(10) , unique(id), unique(name)
);
insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');United uniqueness:
# 创建services表mysql> create table services(
id int,
ip char(15),
port int,
unique(id),
unique(ip,port)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> desc services;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL |
| ip | char(15) | YES | MUL | NULL |
| port | int(11) | YES | | NULL |
|+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+|
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
#联合唯一，只要两列记录，有一列不同，既符合联合唯一的约束mysql> insert into services values
(1,'192,168,11,23',80),
(2,'192,168,11,23',81),
(3,'192,168,11,25',80);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from services;
+------+---------------+------+
| id | ip | port |
+------+---------------+------+
| 1 | 192,168,11,23 | 80 |
| 2 | 192,168,11,23 | 81 |
| 3 | 192,168,11,25 | 80 |
+------+---------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into services values (4,'192,168,11,23',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192,168,11,23-80' for key 'ip'4. PRIMARY KEY
There is only one unique in a table in MySQL A primary key cannot have multiple columns, but it can have a composite primary key
A table can have:
Single column as the primary key
Multiple columns as the primary key (composite primary key)
Constraint: Equivalent to not null unique, the value of the field is not empty and unique
The storage engine default is (innodb): For the innodb storage engine, a table must have a primary key.
Single column primary key:
# 创建t14表，为id字段设置主键，唯一的不同的记录create table t14(
id int primary key,
name char(16)
);
insert into t14 values(1,'xiaoma'),(2,'xiaohong');
mysql> insert into t14 values(2,'wxxx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '6' for key 'PRIMARY'
# not null + unique的化学反应，相当于给id设置primary key
create table t15(
id int not null unique,
name char(16)
);
mysql> create table t15(
-> id int not null unique,
-> name char(16)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc t15;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(16) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)Composite primary key:
create table t16(
ip char(15),
port int,
primary key(ip,port)
);
insert into t16 values('1.1.1.2',80),('1.1.1.2',81); 5. AUTO_INCREMENT
Constraints: The constrained fields are automatically grown, and the constrained fields must be constrained by key at the same time
create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' );
1. If the id is not specified, it will grow automatically
2. You can also specify the id
3. For a self-increasing field, after deleting it with delete and then inserting the value, the field will continue to grow according to the position before deletion
##auto_increment_increment and auto_increment_offset The difference between
查看可用的 开头auto_inc的词 mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%'; +--------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | +--------------------------+-------+ rows in set (0.02 sec) # 步长auto_increment_increment,默认为1 # 起始的偏移量auto_increment_offset, 默认是1 # 设置步长 为会话设置，只在本次连接中有效 set session auto_increment_increment=5; #全局设置步长 都有效。 set global auto_increment_increment=5; # 设置起始偏移量 set global auto_increment_offset=3; #强调：If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 # 设置完起始偏移量和步长之后，再次执行show variables like'auto_inc%'; 发现跟之前一样，必须先exit,再登录才有效。 mysql> show variables like'auto_inc%'; +--------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 5 | | auto_increment_offset | 3 | +--------------------------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #因为之前有一条记录id=1 mysql> select * from student; +----+---------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+---------+------+ | 1 | xiaobai | male | +----+---------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) # 下次插入的时候，从起始位置3开始，每次插入记录id+5 mysql> insert into student(name) values('ma1'),('ma2'),('ma3'); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from student; +----+---------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+---------+------+ | 1 | xiaobai | male | | 3 | ma1 | male | | 8 | ma2 | male | | 13 | ma3 | male | +----+---------+------+ auto_increment_increment和 auto_increment_offset
delete and truncate:
#1.创建表时先创建被关联表，再创建关联表
# 先创建被关联表（dep表）
create table dep(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
descripe varchar(20) not null
);
#再创建关联表（emp表）
create table emp(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
age int not null,
dep_id int,
constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id)
);
#2.插入记录时，先往被关联表中插入记录，再往关联表中插入记录
insert into dep values
(1,'IT','IT技术有限部门'),
(2,'销售部','销售部门'),
(3,'财务部','花钱太多部门');
insert into emp values
(1,'zhangsan',18,1),
(2,'lisi',19,1),
(3,'djb',20,2),
(4,'dogfa',40,3),
(5,'oldniu',18,2);
3.删除表
#按道理来说，删除了部门表中的某个部门，员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails
(`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep` (`id`))
#但是先删除员工表的记录之后，再删除当前部门就没有任何问题
mysql> delete from emp where dep =3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | lisi | 18 | 1 |
| 3 | djb | 20 | 2 |
| 5 | oldniu | 18 | 2 |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from dep;
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | descripe |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
| 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)Repeat the above operation to create the table
Note: Add
on delete cascade to the related table #Synchronous deletion
on update cascade #Synchronous update
Modify emp table:
create table emp(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
age int not null,
dep_id int,
constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id)
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新
);接下来的操作，就符合我们正常的生活中的情况了。
#再去删被关联表(dep)的记录，关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除 mysql> delete from dep where id=3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from dep; +----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | +----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | +----+-----------+----------------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; +----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | +----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 | | 3 | djb | 20 | 2 | | 5 | oldniu | 18 | 2 | +----+----------+-----+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
#再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录，关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改
mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了，是否都被更改了 mysql> select * from dep; +-----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | +-----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 222 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | +-----+-----------+----------------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; +----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | +----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 | | 3 | djb | 20 | 222 | | 5 | oldniu | 18 | 222 | +----+----------+-----+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
以上便是常用约束的详细实例介绍，想了解更多相关问题请访问PHP中文网：mysql视频教程
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