In-depth analysis of C++ function templates and class templates

template <class T, int size>
class CArray{
    T array[size];
public:
    void Print(){
        for( int i = 0;i < size; ++i)
        cout << array[i] << endl;
    }
};
CArray<double,40> a2;
CArray<int,50> a3;     //a2和a3属于不同的类

template <class T1,class T2>              int main() {
class A {                                        B<int,double> obj1;
    T1 v1; T2 v2;                                C<int> obj2;
};                                               return 0;
template <class T1,class T2>              }
class B:public A<T2,T1> {                 class B<int,double>:
    T1 v3; T2 v4;                             public A<double,int>{
};                                            int v3; double v4;
template <class T>                        };
class C:public B<T,T> {
    T v5;
};

template <class T1,class T2>
class A {
    T1 v1; T2 v2;
};
template <class T>
class B:public A<int,double> {
    T v;
};
int main() {
    B<char> obj1;     //自动生成两个模板类 ：A<int,double> 和 B<char>
    return 0;
}

class A {
    int v1;
};
template <class T>
    class B:public A { //所有从B实例化得到的类 ，都以A为基类
    T v;
};
int main() {
    B<char> obj1;
    return 0;
}

template <class T>
class A {
    T v1;
    int n;
};
class B:public A<int> {
    double v;
};
int main() {
    B obj1;
    return 0;
}

void Func1() { }
class A { };
class B{
    public:
        void Func() { }
};
template <class T>
class Tmpl{
    friend void Func1();
    friend class A;
    friend void B::Func();
}; //任何从Tmp1实例化来的类 ，都有以上三个友元

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template <class T1,class T2>
class Pair{
    private:
        T1 key; //关键字
        T2 value; //值
    public:
        Pair(T1 k,T2 v):key(k),value(v) { };
        bool operator < ( const Pair<T1,T2> & p) const;
        template <class T3,class T4>
        friend ostream & operator<< ( ostream & o,const Pair<T3,T4> & p);
};
template <class T1,class T2>
bool Pair<T1,T2>::operator < ( const Pair<T1,T2> & p) const{ //"小"的意思就是关键字小
    return key < p.key;
}
template <class T1,class T2>
ostream & operator<< (ostream & o,const Pair<T1,T2> & p){
    o << "(" << p.key << "," << p.value << ")" ;
    return o;
}
int main()
{
    Pair<string,int> student("Tom",29);
    Pair<int,double> obj(12,3.14);
    cout << student << " " << obj;
    return 0;
}
//输出：
(Tom,29) (12,3.14)
任意从 template <class T1,class T2>
       ostream & operator<< (ostream & o,const Pair<T1,T2> & p)
生成的函数，都是任意Pair摸板类的友元

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
    int v;
public:
    A(int n):v(n) { }
    template <class T>
    friend void Print(const T & p);
};
template <class T>
void Print(const T & p){
    cout << p.v;
}
int main() {
    A a(4);
    Print(a);
    return 0;
}
//输出：4

template <class T>
class B {
    T v;
public:
    B(T n):v(n) { }
    template <class T2>
    friend class A;
};
template <class T>
class A {
    public:
    void Func( )  {
        B<int> o(10);
        cout << o.v << endl;
    }
};

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class A{
    private:
        static int count;
    public:
        A() { count ++; }
        ~A() { count -- ; };
        A( A & ) { count ++ ; }
        static void PrintCount() { cout << count << endl; }
};
template<> int A<int>::count = 0;
template<> int A<double>::count = 0;
int main(){
    A<int> ia;
    A<double> da;
    ia.PrintCount();
    da.PrintCount();
    return 0;
}
//输出：1  1