Home > Database > Mysql Tutorial > Sharing examples of using Join in MySQL

Sharing examples of using Join in MySQL

黄舟
Release: 2017-09-08 13:56:56
Original
1438 people have browsed it

在MySQL(以5.1为例)中,表连接的语法可以参见MySQL官方手册:MySQL官方手册-JOIN

在查询中,连接的语法类似

SELECT select_expr FROM table_references
Copy after login


table_references(对表的引用)的定义如下(也可以看成连接表达式):(晕晕晕哈)

table_references:
    table_reference [, table_reference] ...

table_reference:
    table_factor
  | join_table

table_factor:
    tbl_name [[AS] alias] [index_hint_list]
  | table_subquery [AS] alias
  | ( table_references )
  | { OJ table_reference LEFT OUTER JOIN table_reference
        ON conditional_expr }

join_table:
    table_reference [INNER | CROSS] JOIN table_factor [join_condition]
  | table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_factor
  | table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_factor ON conditional_expr
  | table_reference {LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition
  | table_reference NATURAL [{LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER]] JOIN table_factor

join_condition:
    ON conditional_expr
  | USING (column_list)

index_hint_list:
    index_hint [, index_hint] ...

index_hint:
    USE {INDEX|KEY}
      [{FOR {JOIN|ORDER BY|GROUP BY}] ([index_list])
  | IGNORE {INDEX|KEY}
      [{FOR {JOIN|ORDER BY|GROUP BY}] (index_list)
  | FORCE {INDEX|KEY}
      [{FOR {JOIN|ORDER BY|GROUP BY}] (index_list)

index_list:
    index_name [, index_name] ...
Copy after login


其中,table_factor是基本的表选择,而join_table是基于表的一些扩展。
下面,通过实验介绍一下表连接。
首先,假设有以下几个表

table1
idbook
1java
2c++
3php


table2
idauthor
2zhang
3wang
4li


table3
authoryear
zhang2003
ma2006
liu2011

Inner Join 内连接
将两个表中存在连接关系的字段,组成的记录集,叫做内连接。
内连接等价于

mysql> select table1.id as id,book,author from table1, table2 where table1.id=table2.id;
+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | author |
+------+------+--------+
|    2 | c++  | zhang  |
|    3 | php  | wang   |
+------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from table1 inner join table2 using (id);
+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | author |
+------+------+--------+
|    2 | c++  | zhang  |
|    3 | php  | wang   |
+------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Copy after login


可以看出,两者是等价的。没有Using子句的Inner Join相当于是求两个table的笛卡尔积。
Cross Join 交叉连接
在Mysql中,Cross Join可以用逗号表达式表示,例如(table1, table 2)。在Mysql中,Cross Join 和 Inner Join 是等价的,但是在标准SQL中,它们并不等价,Inner Join 用于带有on表达式的连接,反之用Cross Join。以下两个SQL语句是等价的。
Cross Join 指的是两个table的笛卡尔积。以下三句SQL是等价的。

mysql> select * from table1 inner join table2;
mysql> select * from table1 cross join table2;
mysql> select * from (table1, table2);
mysql> select * from table1 nature join table2;
结果集:
+------+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | id   | author |
+------+------+------+--------+
|    1 | java |    2 | zhang  |
|    2 | c++  |    2 | zhang  |
|    3 | php  |    2 | zhang  |
|    1 | java |    3 | wang   |
|    2 | c++  |    3 | wang   |
|    3 | php  |    3 | wang   |
|    1 | java |    4 | li     |
|    2 | c++  |    4 | li     |
|    3 | php  |    4 | li     |
+------+------+------+--------+
Copy after login


不难理解,下面两句SQL也是等价的。

mysql> select * from table1 left join (table2, table3) on (table2.id = table1.id and table2.author = table3.author);
mysql> select * from table1 left join (table2 cross join table3) on (table2.id = table1.id and table2.author = table3.author);
结果集:
+------+------+------+--------+--------+------+
| id   | book | id   | author | author | year |
+------+------+------+--------+--------+------+
|    1 | java | NULL | NULL   | NULL   | NULL |
|    2 | c++  |    2 | zhang  | zhang  | 2003 |
|    3 | php  | NULL | NULL   | NULL   | NULL |
+------+------+------+--------+--------+------+
Copy after login


Natural Join 自然连接
NATURAL [LEFT] JOIN:这个句子的作用相当于INNER JOIN,或者是在USING子句中包含了联结的表中所有公共字段的Left JOIN(左联结)。
也就是说:下面两个SQL是等价的。

mysql> select * from table1 natural join table2;
mysql> select * from table1 inner join table2 using (id);

结果集:
+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | author |
+------+------+--------+
|    2 | c++  | zhang  |
|    3 | php  | wang   |
+------+------+--------+
Copy after login


同时,下面两个SQL也是等价的。

mysql> select * from table1 natural left join table2;
mysql> select * from table1 left join table2 using(id);
结果集:
+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | author |
+------+------+--------+
|    1 | java | NULL   |
|    2 | c++  | zhang  |
|    3 | php  | wang   |
+------+------+--------+
Copy after login


Left Join 左外连接
左外连接A、B表的意思就是将表A中的全部记录和表B中字段连接形成的记录集,这里注意的是最后出来的记录集会包括表A的全部记录。
左连接表1,表二等价于右连接表二,表一。如下两个SQL是等价的:

mysql> select * from table1 left join table2 using (id);
mysql> select * from table2 right join table1 using (id);
结果集:
+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | author |
+------+------+--------+
|    1 | java | NULL   |
|    2 | c++  | zhang  |
|    3 | php  | wang   |
+------+------+--------+
Copy after login


Right Join 右外连接

右外连接和左外连接是类似的。为了方便数据库便于访问,推荐使用左外连接代替右外连接。

最后,讲一下Mysql表连接的一些注意事项。

1、两个表求差集的方法
如果求 左表 - 右表 的差集,使用类似下面的SQL:

SELECT left_tbl.* FROM left_tbl LEFT JOIN right_tbl ON left_tbl.id = right_tbl.id WHERE right_tbl.id IS NULL;
例如
mysql> select table1.* from table1 left join table2 using(id) where table2.id is null;
+------+------+
| id   | book |
+------+------+
|    1 | java |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Copy after login


2、Using子句
Using子句可以使用On子句重写。但是使用Select * 查询出的结果有差别。以下两句话是等价的:

mysql> select id, book, author from table1 join table2 using (id);
mysql> select table1.id, book, author from table1 join table2 on table1.id=table2.id;
结果集:
+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | author |
+------+------+--------+
|    2 | c++  | zhang  |
|    3 | php  | wang   |
+------+------+--------+
Copy after login


但是下面两个有些许不同,使用on时候,重复的部分会被输出两次。

mysql> select * from table1 join table2 using (id);
+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | author |
+------+------+--------+
|    2 | c++  | zhang  |
|    3 | php  | wang   |
+------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from table1 join table2 on table1.id=table2.id;
+------+------+------+--------+
| id   | book | id   | author |
+------+------+------+--------+
|    2 | c++  |    2 | zhang  |
|    3 | php  |    3 | wang   |
+------+------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Copy after login


3、Straight Join的使用
STRAIGHT_JOIN 和 JOIN相似,除了大部分情况下,在使用STRAIGHT_JOIN时候,先读右表后读左表。而在大部分情况下是先读左表的。STRAIGHT_JOIN仅用于少数情况下的表连接性能优化,比如右表记录数目明显少于左表。

4、Mysql表连接的运算顺序
在MySQL 5.1版本中,INNER JOIN, CROSS JOIN, LEFT JOIN, 和RIGHT JOIN 比逗号表达式具有更高的优先级。
因此SQL1被解析成SQL3,而不是SQL2。

SQL1 : SELECT * FROM t1, t2 JOIN t3 ON (t1.i1 = t3.i3);
SQL2 : SELECT * FROM (t1, t2) JOIN t3 ON (t1.i1 = t3.i3);
SQL3 : SELECT * FROM t1, (t2 JOIN t3 ON (t1.i1 = t3.i3));
Copy after login


因此会报错,找不到i1列。因此以后在写这样的查询的时候,最好写明白,不要省略括号,这样能避免很多错误。

5、循环的自然连接
在MySQL 5.1版本中,SQL1等价于SQL3, 而在MySQL以前版本中,SQL1等价于SQL2。

SQL1 : SELECT ... FROM t1 NATURAL JOIN t2 NATURAL JOIN t3;
SQL2 : SELECT ... FROM t1, t2, t3 WHERE t1.b = t2.b AND t2.c = t3.c;
SQL3 : SELECT ... FROM t1, t2, t3 WHERE t1.b = t2.b AND t2.c = t3.c AND t1.a = t3.a;
Copy after login

The above is the detailed content of Sharing examples of using Join in MySQL. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

Related labels:
source:php.cn
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Popular Tutorials
More>
Latest Downloads
More>
Web Effects
Website Source Code
Website Materials
Front End Template