How to understand ABI compatibility in C?

ThemoveassignmentoperatorinC isaspecialmemberfunctionthatefficientlytransfersresourcesfromatemporaryobjecttoanexistingone.ItisdefinedasMyClass&operator=(MyClass&&other)noexcept;,takinganon-constrvaluereferencetoallowmodificationofthesour

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Pure virtual functions are the key mechanisms used in C to define abstract classes and interfaces, and their core role is to force derived classes to implement specific methods. 1. The pure virtual function is declared through virtualvoidfunc()=0; and the implementation is not provided, making the class an abstract class and cannot be instantiated; 2. It is used to simulate the interface to ensure that the subclass must rewrite the method, such as the draw() of the Shape base class in the graphics library; 3. Supports runtime polymorphism, allowing the base class pointer to call the implementation of different subclasses; 4. Although the abstract class cannot create objects, it can contain constructors, member variables and implemented ordinary functions; 5. If the derived class does not fully implement all pure virtual functions, it will also become an abstract class; 6. In special cases, the pure virtual function can provide default implementation for derivation.

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Object slice refers to the phenomenon that only part of the base class data is copied when assigning or passing a derived class object to a base class object, resulting in the loss of new members of the derived class. 1. Object slices occur in containers that directly assign values, pass parameters by value, or store polymorphic objects in storage base classes; 2. The consequences include data loss, abnormal behavior and difficult to debug; 3. Avoiding methods include passing polymorphic objects using pointers or references, or using smart pointers to manage the object life cycle.

There are many initialization methods in C, which are suitable for different scenarios. 1. Basic variable initialization includes assignment initialization (inta=5;), construction initialization (inta(5);) and list initialization (inta{5};), where list initialization is more stringent and recommended; 2. Class member initialization can be assigned through constructor body or member initialization list (MyClass(intval):x(val){}), which is more efficient and suitable for const and reference members. C 11 also supports direct initialization within the class; 3. Array and container initialization can be used in traditional mode or C 11's std::array and std::vector, support list initialization and improve security; 4. Default initialization

C STL improves code efficiency through containers, algorithms and iterators. 1. The container includes vector (dynamic array, suitable for tail insertion and deletion), list (bidirectional linked list, suitable for frequent intermediate insertion and deletion), map and set (based on red and black trees, automatic sorting and searching fast). When choosing, consider the use scenario and time complexity; 2. Algorithms such as sort(), find(), copy(), etc. operate the data range through iterators to improve universality and security. When using it, pay attention to whether the original data is modified and the iterator's validity; 3. Function objects and lambda expressions can be used for custom operations. lambdas are suitable for simple logic, and function objects are suitable for multiplexing or complex logic. At the same time, pay attention to capturing the list to avoid dangling references. Palm

There are two main ways to generate random numbers in C. 1. The rand() function in use needs to be used to set the seed with srand(), but the randomness is poor; 2. It is recommended to use the C 11 library to achieve higher quality random number generation through random_device, mt19937 engine and distribution objects. Be careful to avoid repeated seed setting, avoid direct molding control range, and prioritize modern libraries to ensure cross-platform consistency and random quality.