Why Am I Getting the 'SQLSTATE[HY093]: Invalid parameter number' Error in Yii's Active Record?

Error: Invalid Parameter Number

When working with Yii's active record pattern and DAO to access different databases, you may encounter the error "SQLSTATE[HY093]: Invalid parameter number: parameter was not defined." This cryptic error can arise due to several reasons.

• Mismatched Parameter Names: Ensure that the parameter names in the SQL statement (:username, :password, etc.) match the bind values exactly (:alias, :password, etc.). In the provided code, the error occurs because the SQL statement has ":alias," but the bind value is ":username." Yii/PDO could not find ":username" in the SQL and reported "one parameter short."
• Missing BindValues: Verify that all parameters used in the SQL statement have corresponding bindValue() calls. In Yii, this is commonly overlooked when using $criteria, where parameters are set in an array ($criteria->params = array(':bind1'=>'test', ':bind2'=>'test)).
• Invalid Placeholder Name: Ensure that the parameter placeholders in the SQL statement do not contain invalid characters.
• Conflicts with Pagination and Sorting: When using complex queries in CDataProviders with joins, there can be issues with parameters getting dropped, leading to this error.
• Enable Parameter Logging: To ease troubleshooting, add 'enableParamLogging'=>true in the db configuration array in your config file. This logs the SQL query and parameters, providing valuable insights into the bind values.

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