How Can I Print Leading Zeros in C Using the Output Operator?

Print Leading Zeros with C Output Operator

The C output operator (<<) provides a convenient way to format and print data. To print leading zeros, you can use the setw() and setfill() manipulators.

#include 
#include 

using namespace std;

int main() {
  // Print a 5-digit ZIP code with leading zeros
  int zipCode = 12345;
  cout << setw(5) << setfill('0') << zipCode << endl;  // Output: "012345"
  return 0;
}

The setw() manipulator sets the minimum field width of the field. In this case, it sets the minimum width to 5 characters. The setfill() manipulator sets the character used to fill the field. In this case, it sets the fill character to '0', which results in leading zeros.
Additional IO Manipulators:

std::setw(width): Sets the field width.
std::setfill(fillchar): Sets the field fill character.
std::setiosflags(align): Sets the field alignment (left or right).

Note:

These manipulators affect the global state of the cout object. If you change the field settings, it can affect subsequent uses of cout.
Consider using the fmt library (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt) for formatting output, which simplifies the process and provides more options.
C  20 includes std::format and C  23 includes std::print, which offer convenient formatting options similar to fmt.
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