当我们在做字符串处理时,如果字符串处理函数不能实现我们想要的时,我们就借助正则来帮助我们实现了。
一般使用正则的情况有:匹配、查找、分割、查找并替换,下面我们就将这几种情况分别用PHP和Python语言来实现,并做一下对比。
PHP正则采用:PCRE风格。
#1 匹配Math(并获取出结果)(注意这里是要获取出匹配结果的,与不获取结果有所不同)
Python:
#coding:utf-8 import re strs = '我爱P你y你t知h吗o?n哈哈fe哈' patt = re.compile(r'^.*?(\w+).*?$',re.I) print patt.match(strs).group(1) #输出 P
说明match的作用是一个匹配的过程,不是查找。这个方法并不是完全匹配,想要完全匹配,可以在表达式末尾加上边界匹配符'$'。
php $strs = '我爱P你y你t知h吗o?n哈哈fe哈'; preg_match('/^.*?(\w+).*?$/i',$strs,$m); var_dump($m[1]);
#输出:string 'P' (length=1)
说明:preg_match()与python中的match一样,在第一次匹配后 将会停止搜索。而preg_match_all()不同于此, 它会一直搜索subject 直到到达结尾。
实际上,在PHP中正则表达式还可以这样:
preg_match('/(\w+)/',$strs,$m);
#2 搜索查找Search
Python:
patt = re.compile(r'(\w+)',re.I) print patt.search(strs).group(1) #输出 P
说明search方法一样,若查找到了就立即返回,否则一直搜索到字符串末尾,在PHP中可以使用preg_match(_all) 来实现。
PHP:
同上
#3 匹配分割
Python:
patt = re.compile(r'\w+',re.I) for i in patt.split(strs): #注意这里要使用unicode对象输出 print unicode(i,'utf-8') #以上输出 ''' 我爱 你 你 知 吗 ? 哈哈 哈'''
在PHP中可以使用preg_split()来实现
PHP:
php $strs = '我爱P你y你t知h吗o?n哈哈fe哈'; $m = preg_split('/\w+/i',$strs); var_dump($m);
/**输出:
<b style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">array</span></b> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 0 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'我爱'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=6)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 1 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'你'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=3)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 2 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'你'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=3)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 3 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'知'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=3)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 4 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'吗'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=3)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 5 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'?'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=3)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 6 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'哈哈'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=6)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 7 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'哈'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=3)</span></i>
**/
#4 搜索查找所有结果(ALL)
Python:
print patt.findall(strs) #输出 ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n', 'fe']
在PHP中可使用preg_match_all() 来实现
PHP:
php $strs = '我爱P你y你t知h吗o?n哈哈fe哈'; preg_match_all('/(\w+)/i',$strs,$m); var_dump($m);
/**
<b style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">array</span></b> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 0 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><b style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">array</span></b> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 0 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'P'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 1 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'y'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 2 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'t'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 3 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'h'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 4 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'o'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 5 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'n'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 6 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'fe'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=2)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 1 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><b style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">array</span></b> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 0 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'P'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 1 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'y'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 2 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'t'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 3 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'h'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 4 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'o'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 5 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'n'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=1)</span></i> <span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> 6 </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">=></span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'fe'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=2)</span></i>
**/
#5 查找替换
实际上finditer()方法在python中不是查找替换,它仅是返回一个顺序访问每一个匹配结果(Match对象)的迭代器
python:
for i in patt.finditer(strs): print i.group() #以上输出 ''' P y t h o n fe '''
这和PHP中的preg_filter()有所不同,preg_filter()与preg_replace()都是执行一个正则表达式的搜索和替换。在python中正则方法中,用于查找替换的是:sub()与subn()。需要注意的是sub()返回的一个新字符串,不是作用在原对象上。
subn()返回的是一个以“新字符串和替换的次数”组成的元组,也没有作用到原对象上。
#替换三次 print patt.sub('99',strs,3) #输出 '我爱99你99你99知h吗o?n哈哈fe哈'
print patt.subn('99',strs) #输出:是一个元组('我爱99你99你99知99吗99?99哈哈99哈',7)
替换与引用
#这里批量替换文章中的图片的路径(old_c 是文章的内容)
img_dir = 'test'
img_patt = re.compile('src=".*?/(\w+\.\w+)"')
new_c = img_patt.sub(r'src="./%s/\1"'%img_dir,old_c)
PHP:
#这里批量替换文章中的图片的路径(old_c 是文章的内容)
img_dir = 'test' img_patt = re.compile('src=".*?/(\w+\.\w+)"') new_c = img_patt.sub(r'src="./%s/\1"'%img_dir,old_c)
#输出:
<span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">string</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">'我爱999你999你999知999吗999?999哈哈999哈'</span><span class="com" style="line-height: 25px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);"> </span><i style="line-height: 25px;"><span class="com" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">(length=51)</span></i>
另注 1 对于正则的基础知识可以GOOGLE一下,Python正则的基础知识也可以GOOGLE一下。
2 对于更多关于PHP PCRE风格的正则基础,可以参看:http://cn2.php.net/manual/zh/regexp.introduction.php
3 另外有一点需要注意的是:对于处理字符串能用字符串函数处理的就用函数处理,千万别用正则。