PHP算法设计思路：如何实现拓扑排序问题的高效解决方案？

class Graph {
    private $adjList;

    public function __construct() {
        $this->adjList = [];
    }

    public function addEdge($src, $dest) {
        if (!isset($this->adjList[$src])) {
            $this->adjList[$src] = [];
        }
        $this->adjList[$src][] = $dest;
    }

    public function topologicalSort() {
        $inDegree = [];
        foreach ($this->adjList as $src => $destList) {
            $inDegree[$src] = 0;
        }

        foreach ($this->adjList as $src => $destList) {
            foreach ($destList as $dest) {
                $inDegree[$dest]++;
            }
        }

        $queue = new SplQueue();
        foreach ($inDegree as $src => $in) {
            if ($in == 0) {
                $queue->enqueue($src);
            }
        }

        $result = [];

        while (!$queue->isEmpty()) {
            $src = $queue->dequeue();
            $result[] = $src;

            if (isset($this->adjList[$src])) {
                foreach ($this->adjList[$src] as $dest) {
                    $inDegree[$dest]--;
                    if ($inDegree[$dest] == 0) {
                        $queue->enqueue($dest);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return $result;
    }
}

$g = new Graph();
$g->addEdge(1, 3);
$g->addEdge(1, 4);
$g->addEdge(2, 4);
$g->addEdge(3, 5);
$g->addEdge(4, 5);

$result = $g->topologicalSort();

foreach ($result as $vertex) {
    echo $vertex . ' ';
}