随着现代应用程序的复杂性不断提高，构建可扩展的API和查询系统变得越来越重要。在过去，REST API和SOAP都是主流的API构建方案，但现在GraphQL也成为了受欢迎的选项。本文将介绍如何使用Spring Boot和GraphQL构建API和查询系统。
什么是GraphQL？
GraphQL是一种用于API和查询系统的查询语言。与传统的REST API相比，GraphQL有以下优势：
Spring Boot和GraphQL
Spring Boot是一个Java框架，用于构建基于Java的Web应用程序。它提供了许多有用的功能，例如自动配置和快速开发。与传统的Java Web开发相比，Spring Boot可以使开发过程变得更加愉快和高效。
在本文中，我们将使用Spring Boot和GraphQL来构建一个基本的API和查询系统。在开始之前，您需要了解以下几个组件：
构建API和查询系统
首先，我们需要创建一个Spring Boot应用程序。您可以使用Spring Initializr来快速创建一个Spring Boot应用程序。以下是创建一个Spring Boot应用程序的步骤：
创建GraphQL Schema
在创建GraphQL Schema之前，让我们考虑一下我们的API需要执行哪些操作。我们将创建一个具有三个类型的API：作者，书籍和作者-书籍关系。以下是我们的API操作：
下一步是创建GraphQL Schema。Schema定义了可以在API上执行的操作。在本文中，我们将使用GraphQL Java Tools来创建Schema。创建GraphQL Schema的步骤如下：
type Author {
id: ID!
name: String!
}
type Book {
id: ID!
title: String!
author: Author!
}
type Relationship {
id: ID!
author: Author!
book: Book!
}
type Query {
authors: [Author]
author(id: ID!): Author
books: [Book]
book(id: ID!): Book
relationships: [Relationship]
booksByAuthor(authorId: ID!): [Book]
}这个Schema定义了三个类型：作者，书籍和关系。它还定义了六个操作：获取作者列表，按ID获取作者，获取书籍列表，按ID获取书籍，获取关系列表和按作者ID获取关联书籍。
package com.example.demo;
import com.example.demo.entity.*;
import com.example.demo.repository.*;
import com.example.demo.resolver.*;
import java.util.List;
import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import graphql.schema.DataFetcher;
import graphql.schema.DataFetchingEnvironment;
import graphql.schema.GraphQLSchema;
import graphql.schema.idl.RuntimeWiring;
import graphql.schema.idl.SchemaGenerator;
import graphql.schema.idl.SchemaParser;
import graphql.schema.idl.TypeRuntimeWiring;
import graphql.servlet.GraphQLServlet;
import graphql.servlet.SimpleGraphQLHttpServlet;
@Configuration
public class GraphQLProvider {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GraphQLProvider.class);
private final AuthorRepository authorRepository;
private final BookRepository bookRepository;
private final RelationshipRepository relationshipRepository;
private List<DataFetcher> fetchDataers;
@Autowired
public GraphQLProvider(
AuthorRepository authorRepository,
BookRepository bookRepository,
RelationshipRepository relationshipRepository,
List<DataFetcher> fetchDataers
) {
this.authorRepository = authorRepository;
this.bookRepository = bookRepository;
this.relationshipRepository = relationshipRepository;
this.fetchDataers = fetchDataers;
}
@PostConstruct
public void setup() {
fetchDataers.add(new DataFetcher() {
@Override
public Object get(DataFetchingEnvironment environment) {
return authorRepository.findAll();
}
});
fetchDataers.add(new DataFetcher() {
@Override
public Object get(DataFetchingEnvironment environment) {
return authorRepository.findById(environment.getArgument("id")).get();
}
});
fetchDataers.add(new DataFetcher() {
@Override
public Object get(DataFetchingEnvironment environment) {
return bookRepository.findAll();
}
});
fetchDataers.add(new DataFetcher() {
@Override
public Object get(DataFetchingEnvironment environment) {
return bookRepository.findById(environment.getArgument("id")).get();
}
});
fetchDataers.add(new DataFetcher() {
@Override
public Object get(DataFetchingEnvironment environment) {
return relationshipRepository.findAll();
}
});
fetchDataers.add(new DataFetcher() {
@Override
public Object get(DataFetchingEnvironment environment) {
return bookRepository.findByAuthor_Id(environment.getArgument("authorId"));
}
});
}
@Bean
public GraphQLSchema schema() {
SchemaParser schemaParser = new SchemaParser();
SchemaGenerator schemaGenerator = new SchemaGenerator();
TypeRuntimeWiring.Builder authorWiring = newTypeWiring("Author").dataFetchers(fetchDataers);
return schemaGenerator.makeExecutableSchema(schemaParser.parse(getClass().getResource("/schema.graphqls").getPath()), RuntimeWiring.newRuntimeWiring()
.type(authorWiring)
.build());
}
@Bean
public GraphQLServlet graphQLServlet() {
return new SimpleGraphQLHttpServlet(new GraphQL.Builder(schema()).build());
}
}该类创建一个GraphQL服务，将schema.graphqls文件加载到该服务中，并定义了Data Fetchers。Data Fetchers负责获取数据并填充GraphQL操作的结果。
创建JPA实体和存储库
现在，我们需要创建实体并将它们映射到数据库中。在本文中，我们将创建Author，Book和Relationship实体，并使用JPA将其映射到H2数据库。
package com.example.demo.repository;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import com.example.demo.entity.Author;
@Repository
public interface AuthorRepository extends JpaRepository<Author, Long> {
}package com.example.demo.entity;
import lombok.Data;
import javax.persistence.*;
@Data
@Entity
public class Author {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
private Long id;
private String name;
protected Author() {}
public Author(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}在上面的示例中，我们使用Lombok的@Data注释的“id”和“name”字段创建了一个名为Author的Java实体。
填充数据
我们现在可以使用H2控制台或编写Java代码来填充数据。
使用H2控制台填充数据：
INSERT INTO author (id, name) VALUES (1, 'William Shakespeare'); INSERT INTO author (id, name) VALUES (2, 'John Milton'); INSERT INTO author (id, name) VALUES (3, 'Charles Dickens'); INSERT INTO book (id, title, author_id) VALUES (1, 'Hamlet', 1); INSERT INTO book (id, title, author_id) VALUES (2, 'Paradise Lost', 2); INSERT INTO book (id, title, author_id) VALUES (3, 'Oliver Twist', 3); INSERT INTO relationship (id, author_id, book_id) VALUES (1, 1, 1); INSERT INTO relationship (id, author_id, book_id) VALUES (2, 2, 2); INSERT INTO relationship (id, author_id, book_id) VALUES (3, 3, 3);
使用Java代码填充数据：
package com.example.demo.seed;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import com.example.demo.entity.Author;
import com.example.demo.entity.Book;
import com.example.demo.entity.Relationship;
import com.example.demo.repository.AuthorRepository;
import com.example.demo.repository.BookRepository;
import com.example.demo.repository.RelationshipRepository;
@Component
public class DataSeed implements CommandLineRunner {
private AuthorRepository authorRepository;
private BookRepository bookRepository;
private RelationshipRepository relationshipRepository;
public DataSeed(AuthorRepository authorRepository,
BookRepository bookRepository,
RelationshipRepository relationshipRepository) {
this.authorRepository = authorRepository;
this.bookRepository = bookRepository;
this.relationshipRepository = relationshipRepository;
}
@Override
public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
Author shakespeare = new Author("William Shakespeare");
Author milton = new Author("John Milton");
Author dickens = new Author("Charles Dickens");
authorRepository.save(shakespeare);
authorRepository.save(milton);
authorRepository.save(dickens);
Book hamlet = new Book("Hamlet", shakespeare);
Book paradiseLost = new Book("Paradise Lost", milton);
Book oliverTwist = new Book("Oliver Twist", dickens);
bookRepository.save(hamlet);
bookRepository.save(paradiseLost);
bookRepository.save(oliverTwist);
relationshipRepository.save(new Relationship(shakespeare, hamlet));
relationshipRepository.save(new Relationship(milton, paradiseLost));
relationshipRepository.save(new Relationship(dickens, oliverTwist));
}
}在上面的示例中，我们创建了一个CommandLineRunner工具类，它在应用程序启动时添加示例数据到数据库中。
测试GraphQL API
我们现在可以使用GraphQL Playground工具查询GraphQL API。
以下是一些示例查询：
获取作者列表：
query {
authors {
id
name
}
}按ID获取作者：
query {
author(id: 1) {
id
name
}
}获取书籍列表：
query {
books {
id
title
author {
id
name
}
}
}按ID获取书籍：
query {
book(id: 1) {
id
title
author {
id
name
}
}
}获取作者-书籍关系列表：
query {
relationships {
id
author {
id
name
}
book {
id
title
}
}
}按作者ID获取关联书籍：
query {
booksByAuthor(authorId: 1) {
id
title
author {
id
name
}
}
}结论
本文介绍了如何使用Spring Boot和GraphQL构建API和查询系统，并执行基本的操作。可以使用GraphQL Java Tools和JPA轻松定义Schema和映射实体。GraphQL的灵活性和可扩展性使得它成为构建现代Web应用程序的理想选择。
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