如何管理Linux（WSL）发行版Windows子系统

使用wsl -l -v列出已安装的发行版及其状态；2. 用wsl --set-default设置默认发行版，wsl --set-version切换WSL版本；3. 通过wsl --install -d安装新发行版；4. 使用wsl --unregister卸载发行版并删除所有数据；5. 用wsl -d启动、wsl --terminate停止特定发行版，wsl --shutdown关闭所有实例；6. 使用wsl --export导出和wsl --import导入发行版以实现备份或迁移；7. 通过配置/etc/wsl.conf设置默认用户；8. 运行wsl --update更新内核，必要时回滚或调整自动更新设置，建议始终使用WSL 2并将发行版存储在SSD上以获得最佳性能。

Managing Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) distributions is straightforward once you know the right commands and tools. Whether you're installing, removing, switching between versions, or troubleshooting, here’s what you need to know.

1. List Installed WSL Distributions

To see which Linux distributions you’ve installed and their status:

wsl --list --verbose

or shorthand:

wsl -l -v

This shows:

• Distribution name
• WSL version (1 or 2)
• Current state (Running / Stopped)

2. Set Default Distribution and WSL Version

Set a default Linux distribution

When you run wsl, it launches the default distro. To change it:

wsl --set-default <DistributionName>

Example:

wsl --set-default Ubuntu-22.04

Change WSL version for a distribution

You can switch between WSL 1 and WSL 2 (WSL 2 is recommended for better performance and full system call compatibility).

Check your current version:

wsl -l -v

Upgrade to WSL 2:

wsl --set-version <DistributionName> 2

Downgrade to WSL 1 (if needed):

wsl --set-version <DistributionName> 1

⚠️ Note: Downgrading may take time and isn't always recommended. WSL 2 is faster and more compatible.

3. Install a New Distribution

You can install Linux distros from the Microsoft Store (e.g., Ubuntu, Debian, Kali, Alpine), or manually via command line.

Install from command line:

wsl --install -d <DistributionName>

Example:

wsl --install -d Ubuntu

To see all available distributions:

wsl --list --online

Or:

wsl --show-distributions

4. Remove or Uninstall a Distribution

If you no longer need a Linux distribution:

wsl --unregister <DistributionName>

Example:

wsl --unregister Debian

This removes the distribution, all its files, settings, and user data. Be careful—this cannot be undone.

5. Start, Shut Down, or Terminate Distributions

Start a specific distribution:

wsl --distribution <DistributionName>

or:

wsl -d <DistributionName>

Shut down a running distribution:

wsl --terminate <DistributionName>

This stops the instance. It will restart cleanly next time.

Shut down all running distributions:

wsl --shutdown

Useful when troubleshooting network issues or file locks.

6. Import and Export Distributions (Backup & Migrate)

You can export a distribution to a tar file (great for backup), then import it later or on another machine.

Export a distribution:

wsl --export <DistributionName> <FileName>.tar

Example:

wsl --export Ubuntu backup-ubuntu.tar

Import a new distribution from a tar file:

wsl --import <NewName> <InstallPath> <BackupFile.tar> --version 2

Example:

wsl --import MyUbuntu D:\wsl\MyUbuntu backup-ubuntu.tar --version 2

Note: After import, the default user is root. To set a default user, you’ll need to configure /etc/wsl.conf or use a launcher app.

7. Set Default User in a Distribution

After importing or installing, you might end up as root. To set your regular user as default:

1. Launch the distro:

   wsl -d <DistributionName>

2. Create or edit /etc/wsl.conf:

   [user]
   default = yourusername

3. Exit and terminate:

   wsl --terminate <DistributionName>

Next time you start it, you’ll log in as that user.

8. Manage Kernel and Updates

• Update WSL kernel: Run in PowerShell (as admin):

  wsl --update

• Rollback (if update causes issues):

  wsl --update --rollback

• Set update policy:

  wsl --set-update-settings --auto-update Disabled

  (or Enabled, Defer)

  ---

  Final Tips

  • Always use WSL 2 unless you have a specific reason not to.
  • Use wsl --shutdown before hibernating or troubleshooting.
  • Back up important distros using --export before unregistering.
  • Store distributions on an SSD for better performance.

  Basically, with wsl --list, --set-default, --unregister, and --export/import, you’ve got full control over your Linux environments on Windows.

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