Linux如何在启动时启用和禁用服务

要管理Linux服务的开机启动，使用systemctl命令即可。1. 检查服务状态：systemctl status <service-name> 可查看服务是否运行、启用或禁用。2. 启用服务开机启动：sudo systemctl enable <service-name>，如sudo systemctl enable nginx，若同时启动则用sudo systemctl enable --now nginx。3. 禁用服务开机启动：sudo systemctl disable <service-name>，如sudo systemctl disable cups，若同时停止则用sudo systemctl disable --now cups。4. 查看已启用的服务：systemctl list-enabled，或用systemctl is-enabled <service-name> 检查特定服务状态，返回值为enabled、disabled、static或masked。5. 完全屏蔽服务：sudo systemctl mask <service-name> 可防止服务开机启动和手动启动，如sudo systemctl mask bluetooth，解除屏蔽用sudo systemctl unmask <service-name>。这些命令适用于大多数现代Linux发行版，包括Ubuntu、Debian、CentOS和Fedora，从而实现对开机服务的全面控制。

In Linux, managing services at boot time is typically done using systemd, the init system used by most modern distributions. You can enable or disable services so they start (or don't start) automatically when the system boots.

Here’s how to enable and disable services at boot using common systemctl commands.

1. Check the Current Status of a Service

Before enabling or disabling a service, it helps to check its current status:

systemctl status <service-name>

For example:

systemctl status apache2

This shows whether the service is active (running), enabled (starts at boot), or disabled.

2. Enable a Service to Start at Boot

To configure a service to start automatically when the system boots:

sudo systemctl enable <service-name>

Example:

sudo systemctl enable nginx

This creates a symbolic link from the system’s copy of the service file (usually in /etc/systemd/system/ or /usr/lib/systemd/system/) into the appropriate systemd target (like multi-user.target.wants), indicating it should be started at boot.

✅ Note: Enabling a service does not start it immediately — it only sets it to start on next boot.

If you want to enable and start it now:

sudo systemctl enable --now nginx

3. Disable a Service from Starting at Boot

To prevent a service from starting automatically at boot:

sudo systemctl disable <service-name>

Example:

sudo systemctl disable cups

This removes the symbolic link that tells systemd to start the service at boot.

⚠️ Disabling a service does not stop it if it's currently running. To also stop it now:

sudo systemctl disable --now cups

4. Check All Enabled Services

To list all services that are currently enabled to start at boot:

systemctl list-enabled

Or filter for a specific service:

systemctl is-enabled <service-name>

This returns enabled, disabled, static (a service that can't be enabled but is used as a dependency), or masked.

5. Mask a Service (Optional: Prevent Manual Start Too)

If you want to completely block a service from being started — even manually — you can mask it:

sudo systemctl mask <service-name>

Example:

sudo systemctl mask bluetooth

This creates a symlink to /dev/null, making the service configuration inaccessible.

To unmask it later:

sudo systemctl unmask <service-name>

Summary of Key Commands

Most distributions like Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, Fedora, and others use systemd, so these commands work across them. If you're on an older system using SysVinit, you'd use update-rc.d (Debian) or chkconfig (RHEL/CentOS 6), but those are largely outdated.

Basically, with systemctl enable and disable, you have full control over what runs at startup.

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