如何使用nginx与HLS或DASH流式传输内容？

要使用Nginx通过HLS或DASH流媒体传输内容，需安装RTMP模块并进行正确配置。1. 安装带有nginx-rtmp-module的Nginx，并在配置文件中添加RTMP服务器块以接收RTMP流并转换为HLS和DASH格式；2. 配置HLS输出路径和分段时长，确保目录可写并支持多码率适配；3. 启用DASH并指定输出路径，生成.mpd和.mp4文件，但需注意其在Safari上不兼容；4. 通过HTTP服务HLS和DASH文件，设置Nginx的location块指向对应路径并禁用缓存，最终可通过标准URL访问流内容。

Streaming content using Nginx with HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) or DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP) is actually a pretty common setup, especially for live video delivery. The trick is to use Nginx with the right modules and configuration. Let’s break it down.

1. Set up Nginx with RTMP Module for Ingest

Before you can stream via HLS or DASH, you need to get your source video into Nginx. That's where the RTMP module comes in — it allows Nginx to accept incoming RTMP streams from encoders like OBS or FFmpeg.

To do this:

• Install Nginx with the nginx-rtmp-module. This usually means compiling Nginx from source or installing a pre-built package that includes the module.
• Add an RTMP block in your Nginx config:

rtmp {
    server {
        listen 1935;
        chunk_size 4096;

        application live {
            live on;
            record off;

            # Push to HLS
            hls on;
            hls_path /tmp/hls;
            hls_fragment 4s;

            # Push to DASH
            dash on;
            dash_path /tmp/dash;
            dash_fragment 4s;
        }
    }
}

This tells Nginx to accept RTMP input on port 1935 under the live app, and convert it into both HLS and DASH formats.

2. Configure HLS Output for Compatibility

HLS works well across Apple devices and many modern players. It breaks the stream into small .ts chunks and maintains a playlist file (m3u8) that clients use to switch between quality levels.

Key points:

• Make sure the hls_path directory exists and is writable by Nginx.
• Use short fragment durations (like 4 seconds) for lower latency — but keep in mind shorter segments mean more requests.
• You can set multiple bitrates if doing adaptive streaming. For example:

exec ffmpeg … -vf scale=1280x720 -b:v 2048k -f flv rtmp://localhost/live/stream_low \
      ffmpeg … -vf scale=1920x1080 -b:v 5120k -f flv rtmp://localhost/live/stream_high;

Then define them in the HLS playlist manually or via FFmpeg.

You’ll end up with files like:

/stream.m3u8
/stream_720p.m3u8
/stream_1080p.m3u8

And those can be played back in any compatible player.

3. Enable DASH for Cross-Platform Support

DASH is great for cross-platform support and offers similar adaptive bitrate features. Unlike HLS, which was originally Apple-only, DASH is an open standard.

To enable DASH:

• Make sure dash on; is set in your RTMP application.
• Set a valid dash_path that Nginx can write to.
• The output will be .mpd and .mp4 segment files:

/manifest.mpd
/segment-stream0-00001.mp4
/segment-stream0-00002.mp4

You’ll need a DASH-compatible player like video.js with hls.js or dash.js.

One thing to note: DASH doesn’t work natively in Safari, so if you're targeting iOS users, HLS is still the safer bet.

4. Serve Streams via HTTP

Once the stream is processed into HLS or DASH format, you just need to serve the files via HTTP.

Add something like this to your main Nginx config:

server {
    listen 80;

    location /hls {
        types {}
        root /tmp/hls;
        add_header Cache-Control no-cache;
    }

    location /dash {
        types {}
        root /tmp/dash;
        add_header Cache-Control no-cache;
    }
}

Now, your streams are accessible at:

• http://yourdomain/hls/stream.m3u8
• http://yourdomain/dash/manifest.mpd

Make sure to test these URLs with a player or tool like VLC or ffplay to verify everything is working.

Basically, that’s how you use Nginx to stream content with HLS or DASH. It’s not too complicated once you’ve got the modules and paths set up right — just make sure permissions and paths are correct, and you’re good to go.

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