$randStr = [];
for (array_rand($data, 4) => $k as $v) {
    //...
    $randStr[] = substr($data[$k], -2);
}
echo 'A-AA-[' . implode(' ', $randStr) . ']';\

$array = array('A-AA','B-BB','C-CC','D-DD','E-EE','F-FF','G-GG','H-HH','I-II','J-JJ');

function transform(&$value,$key,$array)

{
    $array_temp = $array;//复制一个数组
    unset( $array_temp[$key] );//移除这个key的元素
    $rand_keys = array_rand($array_temp,4);//抽出4个元素
    shuffle($rand_keys);//打乱顺序
    $result_str = [];
    foreach ($rand_keys as $k) {
        $result_str[] = substr($array_temp[$k], -2);//获取重叠字符
    }
    $others_str = implode(' ',$result_str); //空格分隔四个随机元素组成字符串
    $value = sprintf("%s-[%s]",$value,$others_str);//整理输出字符串
}

array_walk($array,"transform",$array);
print_r($array);

由 woody 方案改编。

$data = array(
    'A-AA',
    'B-BB',
    'C-CC',
    'D-DD',
    'E-EE',
    'F-FF',
    'G-GG',
    'H-HH',
    'I-II',
    'J-JJ',
);

$randStr = '';
$randArr = array_rand($data, 5);
shuffle($randArr); // 打乱数组，防止开头的那个随机不到 G H I J.
foreach ( $randArr as $k => $v ) {
    $randStr .= $k == 0 ? $data[$v] . '-[' : substr($data[$v], -2) . ' ';
}
echo rtrim($randStr) . ']';

不错，学习了@！