如何在PHP後端功能開發中合理應用設計模式？

class Singleton
{
    private static $instance;

    private function __construct()
    {
        // 构造方法私有化，防止外部实例化
    }

    public static function getInstance()
    {
        if (!self::$instance) {
            self::$instance = new self();
        }
        return self::$instance;
    }

    //其他方法...
}

interface Animal
{
    public function speak();
}

class Dog implements Animal
{
    public function speak()
    {
        echo "汪汪汪！";
    }
}

class Cat implements Animal
{
    public function speak()
    {
        echo "喵喵喵！";
    }
}

class AnimalFactory
{
    public function create($type)
    {
        switch ($type) {
            case 'dog':
                return new Dog();
            case 'cat':
                return new Cat();
            default:
                throw new Exception("无效的类型");
        }
    }
}

$animalFactory = new AnimalFactory();
$dog = $animalFactory->create('dog');
$cat = $animalFactory->create('cat');

$dog->speak();
$cat->speak();

class User implements SplSubject
{
    private $observers = [];
    private $email;

    public function attach(SplObserver $observer)
    {
        $this->observers[] = $observer;
    }

    public function detach(SplObserver $observer)
    {
        $index = array_search($observer, $this->observers);
        if ($index !== false) {
            unset($this->observers[$index]);
        }
    }

    public function notify()
    {
        foreach ($this->observers as $observer) {
            $observer->update($this);
        }
    }

    public function setEmail($email)
    {
        $this->email = $email;
        $this->notify();
    }

    public function getEmail()
    {
        return $this->email;
    }
}

class EmailNotifier implements SplObserver
{
    public function update(SplSubject $subject)
    {
        echo "发送邮件给：" . $subject->getEmail();
    }
}

$user = new User();
$user->attach(new EmailNotifier());

$user->setEmail('example@example.com');