sync 将数据由内存同步到硬盘中。shutdown 关机指令，你可以man shutdown 来看一下帮助文档。例如你可以运行如下命令关机：shutdown –h 10 ‘This server will shutdown after 10 mins’ 这个命令告诉大家，计算机将在10分钟后关机，并且会显示在登陆用户的当前屏幕中。shutdown –h now 立马关机shutdown –h 20:25 系统会在今天20:25关机shutdown –h +10 十分钟后关机shutdown –r now 系统立马重启shutdown –r +10 系统十分钟后重启reboot 就是重启，等同于 shutdown –r nowhalt 关闭系统，等同于shutdown –h now 和 poweroff

shutdown --help：ifconfig --help：查看网卡信息

man shutdown注意：man shutdown 打开命令说明书之后，使用按键q退出

cd /        切换到根目录cd /usr        切换到根目录下的usr目录cd ../        切换到上一级目录 或者  cd ..cd ~        切换到home目录cd -        切换到上次访问的目录

ls [-aAdfFhilnrRSt] 目录名称ls [--color={never,auto,always}] 目录名称ls [--full-time] 目录名称

ls -al ~

mkdir [-mp] 目录名称

cd /tmp[root@www tmp] mkdir test    <==创建一名为 test 的新目录[root@www tmp] mkdir test1/test2/test3/test4mkdir: cannot create directory `test1/test2/test3/test4&#39;: No such file or directory       <== 没办法直接创建此目录啊！[root@www tmp] mkdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4

[root@www tmp] mkdir -m 711 test2[root@www tmp] ls -ldrwxr-xr-x  3 root  root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 testdrwxr-xr-x  3 root  root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1drwx--x--x  2 root  root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2

 rmdir [-p] 目录名称

[root@www tmp] rmdir runoob

[root@www tmp] ls -l   <==看看有多少目录存在？drwxr-xr-x  3 root  root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 testdrwxr-xr-x  3 root  root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1drwx--x--x  2 root  root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2[root@www tmp] rmdir test   <==可直接删除掉，没问题[root@www tmp] rmdir test1  <==因为尚有内容，所以无法删除！rmdir: `test1&#39;: Directory not empty[root@www tmp] rmdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4[root@www tmp] ls -l        <==您看看，底下的输出中test与test1不见了！drwx--x--x  2 root  root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2

[root@www ~] mv [-fiu] source destination[root@www ~] mv [options] source1 source2 source3 .... directory

[root@www ~] cp [-adfilprsu] 来源档(source) 目标档(destination)[root@www ~] cp [options] source1 source2 source3 .... directory

find   path   -option   [   -print ]   [ -exec   -ok   command ]   {} \;

find . -name "*.c"

find . -type f

find . -ctime -20

[root@www ~] pwd [-P]

[root@www ~] pwd/root   <== 显示出目录啦～

[root@www ~] cd /var/mail   <==注意，/var/mail是一个连结档[root@www mail] pwd/var/mail         <==列出目前的工作目录[root@www mail] pwd -P/var/spool/mail   <==怎么回事？有没有加 -P 差很多～[root@www mail] ls -ld /var/maillrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep  4 17:54 /var/mail -> spool/mail# 看到这里应该知道为啥了吧？因为 /var/mail 是连结档，连结到 /var/spool/mail # 所以，加上 pwd -P 的选项后，会不以连结档的数据显示，而是显示正确的完整路径啊！

touch [-acfm][-d<日期时间>][-r<参考文件或目录>] [-t<日期时间>][--help][--version][文件或目录…]

$ touch testfile                #修改文件的时间属性

$ ls -l testfile                #查看文件的时间属性  #原来文件的修改时间为16:09  -rw-r--r-- 1 hdd hdd 55 2011-08-22 16:09 testfile

$ touch testfile                #修改文件时间属性为当前系统时间  $ ls -l testfile                #查看文件的时间属性  #修改后文件的时间属性为当前系统时间  -rw-r--r-- 1 hdd hdd 55 2011-08-22 19:53 testfile

$ touch file            #创建一个名为“file”的新的空白文件

[root@www tmp]# rm -i bashrcrm: remove regular file `bashrc'? y

cat [-AbEnTv]

[root@www ~] cat /etc/issueCentOS release 6.4 (Final)Kernel \r on an \m

[root@www ~] tac /etc/issueKernel \r on an \mCentOS release 6.4 (Final)

nl [-bnw] 文件

牛逼啊！接私活必备的 N 个开源项目！赶快收藏吧

[root@www ~] nl /etc/issue     1  CentOS release 6.4 (Final)     2  Kernel \r on an \m123

[root@www ~] more /etc/man_db.config ## Generated automatically from man.conf.in by the# configure script.## man.conf from man-1.6d....(中间省略)....--More--(28%)  <== 重点在这一行喔！你的光标也会在这里等待你的命令

[root@www ~] less /etc/man.config## Generated automatically from man.conf.in by the# configure script.## man.conf from man-1.6d....(中间省略)....:   <== 这里可以等待你输入命令！

head [-n number] 文件

[root@www ~] head /etc/man.config

[root@www ~] head -n 20 /etc/man.config

tail [-n number] 文件

[root@www ~] tail /etc/man.config# 默认的情况中，显示最后的十行！若要显示最后的 20 行，就得要这样：[root@www ~] tail -n 20 /etc/man.config

chmod [-cfvR] [--help] [--version] mode file...

[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxX]...][,...]

 tar -cf all.tar *.jpg

 tar -czf all.tar.gz *.jpg

 tar -xzf all.tar.gz

 tar -cjf all.tar.bz2 *.jpg

 tar -xjf all.tar.bz2

 tar -cZf all.tar.Z *.jpg

 tar -xZf all.tar.Z

tar -xf all.tar

gzip -d all.gzgunzip all.gz

tar -xzf all.tar.gztar -xzf all.tgz

bzip2 -d all.bz2bunzip2 all.bz2

tar -xjf all.tar.bz2

uncompress all.Z

tar -xZf all.tar.z

 zip all.zip *.jpg

 unzip all.zip

 tar -xzpvf rarlinux-x64-5.6.b5.tar.gz cd rar  make

 rar a all *.jpg

 unrar e all.rar

-c: 建立压缩档案 -x：解压 -t：查看内容 shell-r：向压缩归档文件末尾追加文件 -u：更新原压缩包中的文件

-z：有gzip属性的 -j：有bz2属性的 -Z：有compress属性的 -v：显示所有过程 -O：将文件解开到标准输出

-f: 使用档案名字，切记，这个参数是最后一个参数，后面只能接档案名。

tar –cvf jpg.tar *.jpg       // 将目录里所有jpg文件打包成 tar.jpg tar –czf jpg.tar.gz *.jpg    // 将目录里所有jpg文件打包成 jpg.tar 后，并且将其用 gzip 压缩，生成一个 gzip 压缩过的包，命名为 jpg.tar.gz tar –cjf jpg.tar.bz2 *.jpg   // 将目录里所有jpg文件打包成 jpg.tar 后，并且将其用 bzip2 压缩，生成一个 bzip2 压缩过的包，命名为jpg.tar.bz2 tar –cZf jpg.tar.Z *.jpg     // 将目录里所有 jpg 文件打包成 jpg.tar 后，并且将其用 compress 压缩，生成一个 umcompress 压缩过的包，命名为jpg.tar.Z rar a jpg.rar *.jpg          // rar格式的压缩，需要先下载 rar for linux zip jpg.zip *.jpg            // zip格式的压缩，需要先下载 zip for linux

tar –xvf file.tar         // 解压 tar 包 tar -xzvf file.tar.gz     // 解压 tar.gz tar -xjvf file.tar.bz2    // 解压 tar.bz2 tar –xZvf file.tar.Z      // 解压 tar.Z unrar e file.rar          // 解压 rar unzip file.zip            // 解压 zip

1、*.tar 用 tar –xvf 解压 2、*.gz 用 gzip -d或者gunzip 解压 3、*.tar.gz和*.tgz 用 tar –xzf 解压 4、*.bz2 用 bzip2 -d或者用bunzip2 解压 5、*.tar.bz2用tar –xjf 解压 6、*.Z 用 uncompress 解压 7、*.tar.Z 用tar –xZf 解压 8、*.rar 用 unrar e解压 9、*.zip 用 unzip 解压

ps -ef | grep sshd  查找指定ssh服务进程 ps -ef | grep sshd | grep -v grep 查找指定服务进程，排除gerp身 ps -ef | grep sshd -c 查找指定进程个数

$ grep "被查找的字符串" 文件名

grep "thermcontact" /.in

$ grep –e "正则表达式" 文件名

$ grep –i "被查找的字符串" 文件名

$ grep –v "被查找的字符串" 文件名

find . -name "*.log" -ls  在当前目录查找以.log结尾的文件，并显示详细信息。find /root/ -perm 600   查找/root/目录下权限为600的文件 find . -type f -name "*.log"  查找当目录，以.log结尾的普通文件 find . -type d | sort   查找当前所有目录并排序 find . -size +100M  查找当前目录大于100M的文件

$ find / -type f -name "*.log" | xargs grep "ERROR"

find . -name "*.in" | xargs grep "thermcontact"

updatedblocate /etc/sh 搜索etc目录下所有以sh开头的文件 locate pwd 查找和pwd相关的所有文件

whereis ls    将和ls文件相关的文件都查找出来

which pwd  查找pwd命令所在路径 which java  查找path中java的路径

su [-fmp] [-c command] [-s shell] [--help] [--version] [-] [USER [ARG]]

su -c ls root

vi /etc/sudoer或者visudo

yum [options] [command] [package ...]

[root@www ~] yum install pam-develSetting up Install ProcessParsing package install argumentsResolving Dependencies  <==先检查软件的属性相依问题--> Running transaction check---> Package pam-devel.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5 set to be updated--> Processing Dependency: pam = 0.99.6.2-4.el5 for package: pam-devel--> Running transaction check---> Package pam.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5 set to be updatedfilelists.xml.gz          100% |=========================| 1.6 MB    00:05filelists.xml.gz          100% |=========================| 138 kB    00:00-> Finished Dependency Resolution……(省略)

[root@www ~] yum remove pam-develSetting up Remove ProcessResolving Dependencies  <==同样的，先解决属性相依的问题--> Running transaction check---> Package pam-devel.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5 set to be erased--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved============================================================================= Package                 Arch       Version          Repository        Size=============================================================================Removing: pam-devel               i386       0.99.6.2-4.el5   installed         495 kTransaction Summary=============================================================================Install      0 Package(s)Update       0 Package(s)Remove       1 Package(s)  <==还好，并没有属性相依的问题，单纯移除一个软件Is this ok [y/N]: yDownloading Packages:Running rpm_check_debugRunning Transaction TestFinished Transaction TestTransaction Test SucceededRunning Transaction  Erasing   : pam-devel                    ######################### [1/1]Removed: pam-devel.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5Complete!

[root@www ~] yum list pam*Installed Packagespam.i386                  0.99.6.2-3.27.el5      installedpam_ccreds.i386           3-5                    installedpam_krb5.i386             2.2.14-1               installedpam_passwdqc.i386         1.0.2-1.2.2            installedpam_pkcs11.i386           0.5.3-23               installedpam_smb.i386              1.1.7-7.2.1            installedAvailable Packages <==底下则是『可升级』的或『未安装』的pam.i386                  0.99.6.2-4.el5         basepam-devel.i386            0.99.6.2-4.el5         basepam_krb5.i386             2.2.14-10              base

mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup1

wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repomv CentOS6-Base-163.repo CentOS-Base.repo

yum clean allyum makecache

awk [选项参数] 'script' var=value file(s)或awk [选项参数] -f scriptfile var=value file(s)

2 this is a test3 Are you like awkThis's a test10 There are orange,apple,mongo

awk '{[pattern] action}' {filenames}   # 行匹配语句 awk '' 只能用单引号

# 每行按空格或TAB分割，输出文本中的1、4项 $ awk '{print $1,$4}' log.txt --------------------------------------------- 2 a 3 like This's 10 orange,apple,mongo # 格式化输出 $ awk '{printf "%-8s %-10s\n",$1,$4}' log.txt --------------------------------------------- 2        a 3        like This's 10       orange,apple,mongo

awk -F  #-F相当于内置变量FS, 指定分割字符

# 使用","分割 $  awk -F, '{print $1,$2}'   log.txt --------------------------------------------- 2 this is a test 3 Are you like awk This's a test 10 There are orange apple # 或者使用内建变量 $ awk 'BEGIN{FS=","} {print $1,$2}'     log.txt --------------------------------------------- 2 this is a test 3 Are you like awk This's a test 10 There are orange apple # 使用多个分隔符.先使用空格分割，然后对分割结果再使用","分割 $ awk -F '[ ,]'  '{print $1,$2,$5}'   log.txt --------------------------------------------- 2 this test 3 Are awk This's a 10 There apple

awk -v  # 设置变量

 $ awk -va=1 '{print $1,$1+a}' log.txt --------------------------------------------- 2 3 3 4 This's 1 10 11 $ awk -va=1 -vb=s '{print $1,$1+a,$1b}' log.txt --------------------------------------------- 2 3 2s 3 4 3s This's 1 This'ss 10 11 10s

awk -f {awk脚本} {文件名}

 $ awk -f cal.awk log.txt

$ awk '$1>2' log.txt    #命令#输出3 Are you like awkThis's a test10 There are orange,apple,mongo12345

$ awk '$1==2 {print $1,$3}' log.txt    #命令#输出2 is123

$ awk '$1>2 && $2=="Are" {print $1,$2,$3}' log.txt    #命令#输出3 Are you123

$ awk 'BEGIN{printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n","FILENAME","ARGC","FNR","FS","NF","NR","OFS","ORS","RS";printf "---------------------------------------------\n"} {printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n",FILENAME,ARGC,FNR,FS,NF,NR,OFS,ORS,RS}'  log.txtFILENAME ARGC  FNR   FS   NF   NR  OFS  ORS   RS---------------------------------------------log.txt    2    1         5    1log.txt    2    2         5    2log.txt    2    3         3    3log.txt    2    4         4    4$ awk -F\' 'BEGIN{printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n","FILENAME","ARGC","FNR","FS","NF","NR","OFS","ORS","RS";printf "---------------------------------------------\n"} {printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n",FILENAME,ARGC,FNR,FS,NF,NR,OFS,ORS,RS}'  log.txtFILENAME ARGC  FNR   FS   NF   NR  OFS  ORS   RS---------------------------------------------log.txt    2    1    '    1    1log.txt    2    2    '    1    2log.txt    2    3    '    2    3log.txt    2    4    '    1    4# 输出顺序号 NR, 匹配文本行号$ awk '{print NR,FNR,$1,$2,$3}' log.txt---------------------------------------------1 1 2 this is2 2 3 Are you3 3 This's a test4 4 10 There are# 指定输出分割符$  awk '{print $1,$2,$5}' OFS=" $ "  log.txt---------------------------------------------2 $ this $ test3 $ Are $ awkThis's $ a $10 $ There $

# 输出第二列包含 "th"，并打印第二列与第四列$ awk '$2 ~ /th/ {print $2,$4}' log.txt---------------------------------------------this a

# 输出包含 "re" 的行$ awk '/re/ ' log.txt---------------------------------------------3 Are you like awk10 There are orange,apple,mongo

$ awk 'BEGIN{IGNORECASE=1} /this/' log.txt---------------------------------------------2 this is a testThis's a test

$ awk '$2 !~ /th/ {print $2,$4}' log.txt---------------------------------------------Are likeaThere orange,apple,mongo$ awk '!/th/ {print $2,$4}' log.txt---------------------------------------------Are likeaThere orange,apple,mongo

$ cat score.txtMarry   2143 78 84 77Jack    2321 66 78 45Tom     2122 48 77 71Mike    2537 87 97 95Bob     2415 40 57 62

$ cat cal.awk#!/bin/awk -f#运行前BEGIN {    math = 0    english = 0    computer = 0    printf "NAME    NO.   MATH  ENGLISH  COMPUTER   TOTAL\n"    printf "---------------------------------------------\n"}#运行中{    math+=$3    english+=$4    computer+=$5    printf "%-6s %-6s %4d %8d %8d %8d\n", $1, $2, $3,$4,$5, $3+$4+$5}#运行后END {    printf "---------------------------------------------\n"    printf "  TOTAL:%10d %8d %8d \n", math, english, computer    printf "AVERAGE:%10.2f %8.2f %8.2f\n", math/NR, english/NR, computer/NR}123456789101112131415161718192021222324

$ awk -f cal.awk score.txtNAME    NO.   MATH  ENGLISH  COMPUTER   TOTAL---------------------------------------------Marry  2143     78       84       77      239Jack   2321     66       78       45      189Tom    2122     48       77       71      196Mike   2537     87       97       95      279Bob    2415     40       57       62      159---------------------------------------------  TOTAL:       319      393      350AVERAGE:     63.80    78.60    70.00

BEGIN { print "Hello, world!" }

$ ls -l *.txt | awk '{sum+=$5} END {print sum}'--------------------------------------------------666581

awk 'length>80' log.txt

seq 9 | sed &#39;H;g&#39; | awk -v RS=&#39;&#39; &#39;{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++)printf("%dx%d=%d%s", i, NR, i*NR, i==NR?"\n":"\t")}&#39;

sed [-hnV][-e<script>][-f<script文件>][文本文件]

$ cat testfile #查看testfile 中的内容  HELLO LINUX!  Linux is a free unix-type opterating system.  This is a linux testfile!  Linux test

$ sed -e 4a\newline testfile #使用sed 在第四行后添加新字符串  HELLO LINUX! #testfile文件原有的内容  Linux is a free unix-type opterating system.  This is a linux testfile!  Linux test  newline

[root@www ~] nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5d'1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash6 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync7 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown.....(后面省略).....

nl /etc/passwd | sed '2d'

nl /etc/passwd | sed '3,$d'

[root@www ~] nl /etc/passwd | sed '2a drink tea'1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash2 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologindrink tea3 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin.....(后面省略).....

nl /etc/passwd | sed '2i drink tea'

[root@www ~] nl /etc/passwd | sed '2a Drink tea or ......\> drink beer ?'1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash2 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologinDrink tea or ......drink beer ?3 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin.....(后面省略).....

[root@www ~] nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5c No 2-5 number'1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bashNo 2-5 number6 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync.....(后面省略).....

[root@www ~] nl /etc/passwd | sed -n '5,7p'5 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin6 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync7 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

nl /etc/passwd | sed '/root/p'1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash2  daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh3  bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh4  sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh5  sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync....下面忽略

nl /etc/passwd | sed -n '/root/p'1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

nl /etc/passwd | sed  '/root/d'2  daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh3  bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh....下面忽略#第一行的匹配root已经删除了

nl /etc/passwd | sed -n '/root/{s/bash/blueshell/;p;q}'    1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/blueshell

sed 's/要被取代的字串/新的字串/g'

[root@www ~] /sbin/ifconfig eth0eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:CC:A6:34:84inet addr:192.168.1.100 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0inet6 addr: fe80::290:ccff:fea6:3484/64 Scope:LinkUP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1.....(以下省略).....

[root@www ~] /sbin/ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr' | sed 's/^.*addr://g'192.168.1.100 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

[root@www ~] /sbin/ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr' | sed 's/^.*addr://g' | sed 's/Bcast.*$//g'192.168.1.100

nl /etc/passwd | sed -e '3,$d' -e 's/bash/blueshell/'1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/blueshell2  daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

[root@www ~] cat regular_express.txt runoob.google.taobao.facebook.zhihu-weibo-

[root@www ~] sed -i 's/\.$/\!/g' regular_express.txt[root@www ~] cat regular_express.txt runoob!google!taobao!facebook!zhihu-weibo-

[root@www ~] sed -i '$a # This is a test' regular_express.txt[root@www ~] cat regular_express.txt runoob!google!taobao!facebook!zhihu-weibo-# This is a test

Append text, which has each embedded newline preceded by a backslash.

sed -e '4 a newline' testfile

sed -e '4 a newline\nnewline2' testfile

sed -e '4 a newline\nnewline2\n' testfile

#错误：sed -e '4 a \n' testfilesed -e '4 a \ ' testfile 实际上

# 可以添加一个完全为空的空行sed '4 a \\'# 可以添加两个完全为空的空行sed '4 a \\n'

grep [-abcEFGhHilLnqrsvVwxy][-A<显示列数>][-B<显示列数>][-C<显示列数>][-d<进行动作>][-e<范本样式>][-f<范本文件>][--help][范本样式][文件或目录...]

grep test *file

$ grep test test* #查找前缀有“test”的文件包含“test”字符串的文件  testfile1:This a Linux testfile! #列出testfile1 文件中包含test字符的行  testfile_2:This is a linux testfile! #列出testfile_2 文件中包含test字符的行  testfile_2:Linux test #列出testfile_2 文件中包含test字符的行

grep -r update /etc/acpi

$ grep -r update /etc/acpi #以递归的方式查找“etc/acpi”  #下包含“update”的文件  /etc/acpi/ac.d/85-anacron.sh:# (Things like the slocate updatedb cause a lot of IO.)  Rather than  /etc/acpi/resume.d/85-anacron.sh:# (Things like the slocate updatedb cause a lot of  IO.) Rather than  /etc/acpi/events/thinkpad-cmos:action=/usr/sbin/thinkpad-keys--update

grep -v test *test*

$ grep-v test* #查找文件名中包含test 的文件中不包含test 的行  testfile1:helLinux!  testfile1:Linis a free Unix-type operating system.  testfile1:Lin  testfile_1:HELLO LINUX!  testfile_1:LINUX IS A FREE UNIX-TYPE OPTERATING SYSTEM.  testfile_1:THIS IS A LINUX TESTFILE!  testfile_2:HELLO LINUX!  testfile_2:Linux is a free unix-type opterating system.