GO中的測試是什麼，我該如何編寫單元測試？

Go的單元測試通過內置的testing包實現，開發者只需遵循命名規範即可編寫和運行測試。具體步驟包括：1. 創建以_test.go結尾的測試文件；2. 編寫以Test開頭的測試函數；3. 使用t.Errorf()報告錯誤；4. 使用go test命令運行測試；5. 使用表驅動測試多個用例；6. 使用-run標誌運行特定測試，使用-v標誌獲取詳細輸出。例如測試Add函數時，可在math_test.go中編寫TestAdd函數，並通過結構體定義多組輸入輸出進行驗證。此外，可通過go test -run TestAdd運行指定測試，或通過go test -v查看詳細日誌信息。

Testing in Go is a built-in feature that allows developers to write and run tests directly alongside their code, without needing third-party libraries. Unit testing in Go is straightforward — it uses the testing package and follows a simple naming convention for test functions.

How to Write a Basic Unit Test

To write a unit test in Go, you create a function in a _test.go file. The function name must start with Test , followed by the name of the function or method being tested.

For example, if you have a function called Add in a file named math.go , you'd write its test in a file named math_test.go . Here's how a basic test might look:

 package main

import "testing"

func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
    result := Add(2, 3)
    expected := 5

    if result != expected {
        t.Errorf("Expected %d, got %d", expected, result)
    }
}

• Make sure your test files end in _test.go
• Import the testing package
• Use t.Errorf() (or similar methods) to report failures

When you're ready to run the test, use the command line:

 go test

If everything passes, you'll see a PASS message. If something fails, Go will show you exactly which test failed and why.

Table-Driven Tests: A Cleaner Way to Test Multiple Cases

Go developers often use table-driven tests to check multiple input-output combinations in a single test function. This keeps tests concise and easy to maintain.

Here's an example using the same Add function:

 func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
    tests := []struct {
        a, b int
        expect int
    }{
        {2, 3, 5},
        {0, 0, 0},
        {-1, 1, 0},
        {100, 200, 300},
    }

    for _, tt := range tests {
        result := Add(tt.a, tt.b)
        if result != tt.expect {
            t.Errorf("Add(%d, %d): expected %d, got %d", tt.a, tt.b, tt.expect, result)
        }
    }
}

This approach makes it easy to:

• Add more test cases quickly
• See what's being tested at a glance
• Reuse the same assertion logic across all cases

Many Go projects prefer this style because it reduces duplication and improves readability.

Running Specific Tests and Getting More Output

If you have a lot of tests and want to run just one, you can use the -run flag followed by a regular expression matching the test name:

 go test -run TestAdd

To get more detailed output, including logs from t.Log() or fmt.Println() , add the -v flag:

 go test -v

You can also combine flags:

 go test -v -run TestAdd

These options are handy when debugging failing tests or when you're working on a specific part of your codebase.

That's the basics of writing and running tests in Go. It's not complicated, but there are some small rules to remember, like naming conventions and where to place your test files.

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