LangGraph 狀態機：管理生產中的複雜代理任務流-Python教學-PHP中文網

LangGraph State Machines: Managing Complex Agent Task Flows in Production

什麼是 LangGraph？

LangGraph是專為LLM應用程式設計的工作流程編排框架。其核心原則為：

將複雜任務分解為狀態和轉換
管理狀態轉換邏輯
任務執行過程中各種異常的處理

想想購物：瀏覽→加入購物車→結帳→付款。 LangGraph 幫助我們有效地管理此類工作流程。

核心概念

1. 國家

狀態就像任務執行中的檢查點：

from typing import TypedDict, List

class ShoppingState(TypedDict):
    # Current state
    current_step: str
    # Cart items
    cart_items: List[str]
    # Total amount
    total_amount: float
    # User input
    user_input: str

class ShoppingGraph(StateGraph):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        # Define states
        self.add_node("browse", self.browse_products)
        self.add_node("add_to_cart", self.add_to_cart)
        self.add_node("checkout", self.checkout)
        self.add_node("payment", self.payment)

登入後複製

2. 狀態轉換

狀態轉換定義任務流程的「路線圖」：

class ShoppingController:
    def define_transitions(self):
        # Add transition rules
        self.graph.add_edge("browse", "add_to_cart")
        self.graph.add_edge("add_to_cart", "browse")
        self.graph.add_edge("add_to_cart", "checkout")
        self.graph.add_edge("checkout", "payment")

    def should_move_to_cart(self, state: ShoppingState) -> bool:
        """Determine if we should transition to cart state"""
        return "add to cart" in state["user_input"].lower()

登入後複製

3. 狀態持久化

為了確保系統的可靠性，我們需要持久化狀態資訊：

class StateManager:
    def __init__(self):
        self.redis_client = redis.Redis()

    def save_state(self, session_id: str, state: dict):
        """Save state to Redis"""
        self.redis_client.set(
            f"shopping_state:{session_id}",
            json.dumps(state),
            ex=3600  # 1 hour expiration
        )

    def load_state(self, session_id: str) -> dict:
        """Load state from Redis"""
        state_data = self.redis_client.get(f"shopping_state:{session_id}")
        return json.loads(state_data) if state_data else None

登入後複製

4. 錯誤恢復機制

任何步驟都可能失敗，我們需要優雅地處理這些情況：

class ErrorHandler:
    def __init__(self):
        self.max_retries = 3

    async def with_retry(self, func, state: dict):
        """Function execution with retry mechanism"""
        retries = 0
        while retries < self.max_retries:
            try:
                return await func(state)
            except Exception as e:
                retries += 1
                if retries == self.max_retries:
                    return self.handle_final_error(e, state)
                await self.handle_retry(e, state, retries)

    def handle_final_error(self, error, state: dict):
        """Handle final error"""
        # Save error state
        state["error"] = str(error)
        # Rollback to last stable state
        return self.rollback_to_last_stable_state(state)

登入後複製

現實範例：智慧客戶服務系統

讓我們來看一個實際的例子－智慧客服系統：

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, State

class CustomerServiceState(TypedDict):
    conversation_history: List[str]
    current_intent: str
    user_info: dict
    resolved: bool

class CustomerServiceGraph(StateGraph):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        # Initialize states
        self.add_node("greeting", self.greet_customer)
        self.add_node("understand_intent", self.analyze_intent)
        self.add_node("handle_query", self.process_query)
        self.add_node("confirm_resolution", self.check_resolution)

    async def greet_customer(self, state: State):
        """Greet customer"""
        response = await self.llm.generate(
            prompt=f"""
            Conversation history: {state['conversation_history']}
            Task: Generate appropriate greeting
            Requirements:
            1. Maintain professional friendliness
            2. Acknowledge returning customers
            3. Ask how to help
            """
        )
        state['conversation_history'].append(f"Assistant: {response}")
        return state

    async def analyze_intent(self, state: State):
        """Understand user intent"""
        response = await self.llm.generate(
            prompt=f"""
            Conversation history: {state['conversation_history']}
            Task: Analyze user intent
            Output format:
            {{
                "intent": "refund/inquiry/complaint/other",
                "confidence": 0.95,
                "details": "specific description"
            }}
            """
        )
        state['current_intent'] = json.loads(response)
        return state

登入後複製

用法

# Initialize system
graph = CustomerServiceGraph()
state_manager = StateManager()
error_handler = ErrorHandler()

async def handle_customer_query(user_id: str, message: str):
    # Load or create state
    state = state_manager.load_state(user_id) or {
        "conversation_history": [],
        "current_intent": None,
        "user_info": {},
        "resolved": False
    }

    # Add user message
    state["conversation_history"].append(f"User: {message}")

    # Execute state machine flow
    try:
        result = await graph.run(state)
        # Save state
        state_manager.save_state(user_id, result)
        return result["conversation_history"][-1]
    except Exception as e:
        return await error_handler.with_retry(
            graph.run,
            state
        )

登入後複製