設計模式是複雜問題的解決方案。設計模式就是以解決特定設計問題的方式建構類別和介面。通常，在設計系統時，我們會遇到一些問題，針對這些問題，我們有一套設計模式。設計模式通常是涉及類別、介面以及這些類別之間的關係的範本。
這些類型的模式以與給定情況相容的方式處理物件的建立。
在創建層面，我們可以確定係統的特定部分如何獨立創建或組合在一起，確保靈活性和相容性。
屬於此類別的設計模式清單是：
單例設計模式重點：
單例設計模式範例
public class Singleton {
// Private static instance of the class
private static Singleton instance;
private int count;
// Private constructor to prevent instantiation
private Singleton() {
// initialization code
}
// Public static method to provide access to the instance
public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Singleton();
}
return instance;
}
// Example method
public void getCount() {
System.out.println("The value of count is: " + count);
}
public void increaseCount() {
count++;
}
public void decreaseCount() {
count--;
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Get the single instance of Singleton
Singleton singleton = Singleton.getInstance();
singleton.increaseCount();
singleton.getCount(); // Output: The value of count is: 1
// Get the same instance of Singleton
Singleton anotherSingleton = Singleton.getInstance();
anotherSingleton.decreaseCount();
anotherSingleton.getCount(); // Output: The value of count is: 0
// Both singleton and anotherSingleton refer to the same instance
}
}
建構器模式的關鍵要素：
建構器模式範例：
此範例展示如何使用建構器設計模式透過逐步添加成分來製作巧克力醬麵包。
// Product Class
class Bread {
private String bread;
private String spread;
private String chiaSeeds;
private String pumpkinSeeds;
public void setBread(String bread) {
this.bread = bread;
}
public void setSpread(String spread) {
this.spread = spread;
}
public void setChiaSeeds(String chiaSeeds) {
this.chiaSeeds = chiaSeeds;
}
public void setPumpkinSeeds(String pumpkinSeeds) {
this.pumpkinSeeds = pumpkinSeeds;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Bread with " + spread + ", topped with " + chiaSeeds + " and " + pumpkinSeeds;
}
}
// Builder Interface
interface BreadBuilder {
BreadBuilder addBread();
BreadBuilder addChocolateSpread();
BreadBuilder addChiaSeeds();
BreadBuilder addPumpkinSeeds();
Bread build();
}
// Concrete Builder
class ChocolateBreadBuilder implements BreadBuilder {
private Bread bread = new Bread();
@Override
public BreadBuilder addBread() {
bread.setBread("Whole grain bread");
return this;
}
@Override
public BreadBuilder addChocolateSpread() {
bread.setSpread("Chocolate spread");
return this;
}
@Override
public BreadBuilder addChiaSeeds() {
bread.setChiaSeeds("Chia seeds");
return this;
}
@Override
public BreadBuilder addPumpkinSeeds() {
bread.setPumpkinSeeds("Pumpkin seeds");
return this;
}
@Override
public Bread build() {
return bread;
}
}
// Client Code
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a builder and build the chocolate spread bread
BreadBuilder builder = new ChocolateBreadBuilder();
Bread myBread = builder.addBread()
.addChocolateSpread()
.addChiaSeeds()
.addPumpkinSeeds()
.build();
// Output the result
System.out.println(myBread);
}
}
工廠模式的關鍵要點：
// Product Interface
interface Juice {
void serve();
}
// Concrete Product 1
class OrangeJuice implements Juice {
@Override
public void serve() {
System.out.println("Serving Orange Juice.");
}
}
// Concrete Product 2
class MangoJuice implements Juice {
@Override
public void serve() {
System.out.println("Serving Mango Juice.");
}
}
// Creator Abstract Class
abstract class JuiceFactory {
// Factory method
public abstract Juice createJuice();
}
// Concrete Creator 1
class OrangeJuiceFactory extends JuiceFactory {
@Override
public Juice createJuice() {
return new OrangeJuice();
}
}
// Concrete Creator 2
class MangoJuiceFactory extends JuiceFactory {
@Override
public Juice createJuice() {
return new MangoJuice();
}
}
// Client Code
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create an Orange Juice using its factory
JuiceFactory orangeJuiceFactory = new OrangeJuiceFactory();
Juice orangeJuice = orangeJuiceFactory.createJuice();
orangeJuice.serve(); // Output: Serving Orange Juice.
// Create a Mango Juice using its factory
JuiceFactory mangoJuiceFactory = new MangoJuiceFactory();
Juice mangoJuice = mangoJuiceFactory.createJuice();
mangoJuice.serve(); // Output: Serving Mango Juice.
}
}
這種設計模式主要關注類別和物件如何組合以形成更大的結構。他們專注於物件和類別之間的組織和關係，簡化結構，增強靈活性，提高可維護性。
適配器模式的關鍵要素：
// Target Interface (Menu)
interface Menu {
void orderDish(String dish);
}
// Adaptee (Chef)
class Chef {
public void prepareDish(String dishName) {
System.out.println("Chef is preparing " + dishName + ".");
}
}
// Adapter (Waiter)
class Waiter implements Menu {
private Chef chef;
public Waiter(Chef chef) {
this.chef = chef;
}
@Override
public void orderDish(String dish) {
chef.prepareDish(dish);
}
}
// Client Code
public class Restaurant {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Chef chef = new Chef();
Menu waiter = new Waiter(chef);
// Customer places an order via the waiter
waiter.orderDish("Spaghetti Carbonara"); // Output: Chef is preparing Spaghetti Carbonara.
}
}
Key essentials of the facade design pattern:
An example of facade design pattern:
The example illustrates the Facade Pattern which simplifies the process of washing, drying, and pressing clothes. It hides the complexity of interacting with multiple subsystems behind a single, unified interface.
// Subsystem Classes
class WashingMachine {
public void wash() {
System.out.println("Washing clothes.");
}
}
class Dryer {
public void dry() {
System.out.println("Drying clothes.");
}
}
class Iron {
public void press() {
System.out.println("Pressing clothes.");
}
}
// Facade Class
class LaundryFacade {
private WashingMachine washingMachine;
private Dryer dryer;
private Iron iron;
public LaundryFacade(WashingMachine washingMachine, Dryer dryer, Iron iron) {
this.washingMachine = washingMachine;
this.dryer = dryer;
this.iron = iron;
}
public void doLaundry() {
System.out.println("Starting the laundry process...");
washingMachine.wash();
dryer.dry();
iron.press();
System.out.println("Laundry process complete.");
}
}
// Client Code
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WashingMachine washingMachine = new WashingMachine();
Dryer dryer = new Dryer();
Iron iron = new Iron();
LaundryFacade laundryFacade = new LaundryFacade(washingMachine, dryer, iron);
// Use the facade to do the laundry
laundryFacade.doLaundry();
}
}
The patterns that fall under this category mainly deals with communication between objects and how they interact with each other.
Example of iterator pattern:
This example demostrates a simple usecase of iterators a employees object using iterator pattern.
// Iterator Interface
interface Iterator {
boolean hasNext();
Object next();
}
// Aggregate Interface
interface Aggregate {
Iterator createIterator();
}
// Employee Class
class Employee {
public String Name;
public int Age;
public String Department;
public int EmployeeId;
public Employee(String name, int age, String department, int employeeId) {
this.Name = name;
this.Age = age;
this.Department = department;
this.EmployeeId = employeeId;
}
}
// Concrete Aggregate
class EmployeeCollection implements Aggregate {
private Employee[] employees;
public EmployeeCollection(Employee[] employees) {
this.employees = employees;
}
@Override
public Iterator createIterator() {
return new EmployeeIterator(this.employees);
}
}
// Concrete Iterator
class EmployeeIterator implements Iterator {
private Employee[] employees;
private int position = 0;
public EmployeeIterator(Employee[] employees) {
this.employees = employees;
}
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
return position < employees.length;
}
@Override
public Object next() {
return hasNext() ? employees[position++].Name : null;
}
}
// Client Code
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating employee array
Employee[] employees = {
new Employee("John", 28, "Engineering", 101),
new Employee("Jane", 32, "Marketing", 102),
new Employee("Tom", 25, "Sales", 103)
};
// Creating employee collection and iterator
EmployeeCollection employeeCollection = new EmployeeCollection(employees);
Iterator iterator = employeeCollection.createIterator();
// Iterating through employees
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(iterator.next());
}
}
}
1.Strategy Interface: Defines the common interface for all supported algorithms.
2.Concrete Strategies: Implement the Strategy interface with specific algorithms.
3.Context: Uses a Strategy to execute the algorithm.
Example of strategy pattern:
Imagine we are building an encoding system where we may need to use different encoding algorithms depending on the situation. We will demonstrate this system using the Strategy Pattern.
// Strategy Interface
interface EncoderStrategy {
void encode(String string);
}
// Concrete Strategy for Base64 Encoding
class Base64Encoder implements EncoderStrategy {
@Override
public void encode(String string) {
// Implement Base64 encoding logic here
System.out.println("This method uses Base64 encoding algorithm for: " + string);
}
}
// Concrete Strategy for MD5 Encoding
class MD5Encoder implements EncoderStrategy {
@Override
public void encode(String string) {
// Implement MD5 encoding logic here
System.out.println("This method uses MD5 encoding algorithm for: " + string);
}
}
// Context Class
class EncoderContext {
private EncoderStrategy strategy;
public void setEncoderMethod(EncoderStrategy strategy) {
this.strategy = strategy;
}
public void encode(String string) {
strategy.encode(string);
}
}
// Usage
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
EncoderContext context = new EncoderContext();
// Use Base64 encoding method
context.setEncoderMethod(new Base64Encoder());
context.encode("A34937ifdsuhfweiur");
// Use MD5 encoding method
context.setEncoderMethod(new MD5Encoder());
context.encode("89743297dfhksdhWOJO");
}
}
Explanation:
Example of observer pattern:
In a stock trading application, the stock ticker acts as the subject. Whenever the price of a stock is updated, various observers—such as investors and regulatory bodies—are notified of the change. This allows them to respond to price fluctuations in real-time.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
// Observer interface
interface Observer {
void update(String stockSymbol, double stockPrice);
}
// Subject interface
interface Subject {
void register(Observer o);
void remove(Observer o);
void notify();
}
// Concrete Subject
class Stock implements Subject {
private List<Observer> observers;
private String stockSymbol;
private double stockPrice;
public Stock() {
observers = new ArrayList<>();
}
public void setStock(String stockSymbol, double stockPrice) {
this.stockSymbol = stockSymbol;
this.stockPrice = stockPrice;
notify();
}
@Override
public void register(Observer o) {
observers.add(o);
}
@Override
public void remove(Observer o) {
observers.remove(o);
}
@Override
public void notify() {
for (Observer observer : observers) {
observer.update(stockSymbol, stockPrice);
}
}
}
// Concrete Observer
class StockTrader implements Observer {
private String traderName;
public StockTrader(String traderName) {
this.traderName = traderName;
}
@Override
public void update(String stockSymbol, double stockPrice) {
System.out.println("Trader " + traderName + " notified. Stock: " + stockSymbol + " is now $" + stockPrice);
}
}
// Usage
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Stock stock = new Stock();
StockTrader trader1 = new StockTrader("Niharika");
StockTrader trader2 = new StockTrader("Goulikar");
stock.register(trader1);
stock.register(trader2);
stock.setStock("Niha", 9500.00);
stock.setStock("Rika", 2800.00);
}
}
Explanation:
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