Keepalived+LVS+MariaDBGaleraCluster10.0高可用负载均衡多主复-mysql教程-PHP中文網

一、概述 1.简述： MariaDB Galera Cluster 是一套在mysql innodb存储引擎上面实现multi-master及数据实时同步的系统架构，业务层面无需做读写分离工作，数据库读写压力都能按照既定的规则分发到各个节点上去。在数据方面完全兼容 MariaDB、Percona Server和

一、概述

1.简述： MariaDB Galera Cluster 是一套在mysql innodb存储引擎上面实现multi-master及数据实时同步的系统架构，业务层面无需做读写分离工作，数据库读写压力都能按照既定的规则分发到各个节点上去。在数据方面完全兼容 MariaDB、Percona Server和MySQL。

2.特性：

(1).同步复制 Synchronous replication

(2).Active-active multi-master 拓扑逻辑

(3).可对集群中任一节点进行数据读写

(4).自动成员控制，故障节点自动从集群中移除

(5).自动节点加入

(6).真正并行的复制，基于行级

(7).直接客户端连接，原生的 MySQL 接口

(8).每个节点都包含完整的数据副本

(9).多台数据库中数据同步由 wsrep 接口实现

3.局限性:

(1).目前的复制仅仅支持InnoDB存储引擎,任何写入其他引擎的表，包括mysql.*表将不会复制,但是DDL语句会被复制的,因此创建用户将会被复制,但是insert into mysql.user…将不会被复制的 (2).DELETE操作不支持没有主键的表,没有主键的表在不同的节点顺序将不同,如果执行SELECT…LIMIT… 将出现不同的结果集

(3).在多主环境下LOCK/UNLOCK TABLES不支持,以及锁函数GET_LOCK(), RELEASE_LOCK()…

(4).查询日志不能保存在表中。如果开启查询日志，只能保存到文件中

(5).允许最大的事务大小由wsrep_max_ws_rows和wsrep_max_ws_size定义。任何大型操作将被拒绝。如大型的LOAD DATA操作

(6).由于集群是乐观的并发控制，事务commit可能在该阶段中止。如果有两个事务向在集群中不同的节点向同一行写入并提交，失败的节点将中止。对于集群级别的中止，集群返回死锁错误代码(Error: 1213 SQLSTATE: 40001 (ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK))

(7).XA事务不支持，由于在提交上可能回滚

(8).整个集群的写入吞吐量是由最弱的节点限制，如果有一个节点变得缓慢，那么整个集群将是缓慢的。为了稳定的高性能要求，所有的节点应使用统一的硬件

(9).集群节点建议最少3个

(10).如果DDL语句有问题将破坏集群。

二、架构介绍

1.Keepalived+LVS的经典组合作为前端负载均衡和高可用保障，可以使用单独两台主机分别作为主、备，如果数据库集群数量不多，比如两台，也可以直接在数据库主机上使用此组合

2.一共5台主机，2台作为keepalived+LVS的主备，另外三台分别为mdb1、mdb2和mdb3，mdb1作为参考节点，不执行任何客户端SQL，这样做的好处有如下几条:

（1）.数据一致性:因为"参考节点"本身不执行任何客户端SQL,所以在这个节点上发生transaction冲突的可能性最小。因此如果发现集群有数据不一致的时候，"参考节点"上的数据应该是集群中最准确的。

（2）.数据安全性:因为"参考节点"本身不执行任何客户端SQL,所以在这个节点上发生灾难事件的可能性最小。因此当整个集群宕掉的时候,"参考节点"应该是恢复集群的最佳节点。

（3）.高可用："参考节点"可以作为专门state snapshot donor。因为"参考节点"不服务于客户端，因此当使用此节点进行SST的时候，不会影响用户体验，并且前端的负载均衡设备也不需要重新配置。

三、环境准备

1.系统和软件

系统环境
系统	CentOS release 6.5
系统位数	x86_64
内核版本	2.6.32-431
软件版本
Keepalived	1.2.13
LVS	1.24
MaridDB	10.0.16
socat	1.7.3.0

2.主机环境

mdb1（参考点）	172.16.21.180
mdb2	172.16.21.181
mdb3	172.16.21.182
ha1（keepalived+lvs主）	172.16.21.201
ha2（keepalived+lvs备）	172.16.21.202
VIP	172.16.21.188

四、集群安装配置

以主机mdb1为例：

1.配置hosts文件

编辑/etc/hosts加入下列内容

[root@mdb1 ~]# vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
172.16.21.201   ha1
172.16.21.202   ha2
172.16.21.180   mdb1
172.16.21.181   mdb2
172.16.21.182   mdb3

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2. 准备YUM源

除了系统自带的官方源，再添加epel,Percona,MariaDB的源

[root@mdb1 ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/MariDB.repo 
# MariaDB 5.5 RedHat repository list - created 2015-03-04 02:45 UTC
# http://mariadb.org/mariadb/repositories/
[mariadb]
name = MariaDB
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/rhel6-amd64
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
gpgcheck=1

[root@mdb1 ~]#rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
[root@mdb1 ~]#rpm --import https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
[root@mdb1 ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/Percona.repo
[percona]
name = CentOS $releasever - Percona
baseurl=http://repo.percona.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
enabled = 1
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-percona
gpgcheck = 1

[root@mdb1 ~]#wget -O /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-percona http://www.percona.com/downloads/RPM-GPG-KEY-percona
[root@mdb1 ~]#yum clean all

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3.安装socat

socat是一个多功能的网络工具，名字来由是”Socket CAT”，可以看作是netcat的N倍加强版。

事实证明，如果不安装socat，MariaDB-Galera-server最后的数据同步会失败报错，网上很多配置文档都没有讲到这点，请记住一定要安装

[root@mdb1 ~]# tar -xzvf socat-1.7.3.0.tar.gz
[root@mdb1 ~]# cd socat-1.7.3.0
[root@mdb1 socat-1.7.3.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/socat
[root@mdb1 socat-1.7.3.0]# make && make install
[root@mdb1 socat-1.7.3.0]# ln -s /usr/local/socat/bin/socat /usr/sbin/

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4.安装MariaDB、galera、xtrabackup

[root@mdb1 ~]# rpm -e --nodeps mysql-libs
[root@mdb1 ~]# yum install MariaDB-Galera-server galera MariaDB-client xtrabackup
[root@mdb1 ~]#chkconfig mysql on
[root@mdb1 ~]#service mysql start

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5.置MariaDB的root密码，并做安全加固

[root@mdb1 ~]#/usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation

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6.创建用于同步数据库的SST帐号

[root@mdb1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 12
Server version: 10.0.16-MariaDB-wsrep-log MariaDB Server, wsrep_25.10.r4144

Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> grant all privileges on *.* to sst@'%' identified by '123456'; 
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
MariaDB [(none)]> quit

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7.创建wsrep.cnf文件

[root@mdb1 ~]#cp /usr/share/mysql/wsrep.cnf /etc/my.cnf.d/
[root@mdb1 ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf.d/wsrep.cnf
只需要修改如下4行:
wsrep_provider=/usr/lib64/galera/libgalera_smm.so
wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://"
wsrep_sst_auth=sst:123456
wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup

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注意:

"gcomm://" 是特殊的地址,仅仅是Galera cluster初始化启动时候使用。

如果集群启动以后，我们关闭了第一个节点，那么再次启动的时候必须先修改

"gcomm://"为其他节点的集群地址,例如下次启动时需要更改

wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://172.16.21.182:4567"

650) this.width=650;" src="http://www.68idc.cn/help/uploads/allimg/151111/12133C510-1.jpg" title="704836f4t7c7d58fd365e&690.png" alt="wKiom1T4DgCS9gylAAD_erOXuYo868.jpg" />

图中的Node A就是我们的mdb1,Node N就是后面需要添加的主机mdb3

8.修改/etc/my.cnf

添加如下一行

!includedir /etc/my.cnf.d/

另外最好在/etc/my.cnf中指定datadir路径

datadir = /var/lib/mysql

否则可能会遇到报错说找不到路径，所以最好加上这条

9.关闭防火墙iptables和selinux

很多人在启动数据库集群时总是失败，很可能就是因为防火墙没有关闭或者没有打开相应端口，最好的办法就是清空iptables并关闭selinux

[root@mdb1 ~]# iptables -F
[root@mdb1 ~]# iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
[root@mdb1 ~]# setenforce 0
[root@mdb1 ~]# vi /etc/selinux/config 

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

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10.重启MariaDB

[root@mdb1 ~]# service mysql restart
[root@mdb1 ~]#  netstat -tulpn | grep -e 4567 -e 3306
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:4567                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      11325/mysqld        
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3306                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      11325/mysqld

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到此，单节点的配置完成

11.添加mdb2、mdb3到集群

整个集群就是首位相连，简单说来就是在"gcomm://"处的IP不一样，mdb3—>mdb2—>mdb1—>mdb3，在生产环境，可以考虑将mdb1作为参考节点，不执行客户端的SQL，用来保障数据一致性和数据恢复时用。具体构造方法如下：

（1）按照上述1-10的步骤安装和配置另外两条主机

（2）除了第7步wsrep_cluster_address要改为对应的主机地址

mdb2：wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://172.16.21.180:4567"

mdb3：wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://172.16.21.181:4567"

如果有更多主机要加入集群，以此类推，将wsrep_cluster_address指向前一个主机地址，而集群第一台主机指向最后一台的地址就行了

12.最后将mdb2和mdb3启动

[root@mdb2 ~]# service mysql start
[root@mdb3 ~]# service mysql start

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13.给集群加入Galera arbitrator

对于只有2个节点的Galera Cluster和其他集群软件一样，需要面对极端情况下的"脑裂"状态。

为了避免这种问题，Galera引入了"arbitrator(仲裁人)"。

"仲裁人"节点上没有数据,它在集群中的作用就是在集群发生分裂时进行仲裁，集群中可以有多个"仲裁人"节点。

"仲裁人"节点加入集群的方法很简单,运行如下命令即可:

[root@mdb1 ~]# garbd -a gcomm://172.16.21.180:4567 -g my_wsrep_cluster -d

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参数说明:

-d 以daemon模式运行

-a 集群地址

-g 集群名称

14.确认galera集群正确安装和运行

MariaDB [(none)]> show status like 'ws%';
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                | Value                                                    |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| wsrep_local_state_uuid       | 64784714-c23a-11e4-b7d7-5edbdea0e62c   uuid 集群唯一标记                |
| wsrep_protocol_version       | 5                                                        |
| wsrep_last_committed         | 94049           sql 提交记录                                         |
| wsrep_replicated             | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_replicated_bytes       | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_repl_keys              | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_repl_keys_bytes        | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_repl_data_bytes        | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_repl_other_bytes       | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_received               | 3                                                        |
| wsrep_received_bytes         | 287                                                      |
| wsrep_local_commits          | 0                             本地执行的 sql                           |
| wsrep_local_cert_failures    | 0                              本地失败事务                          |
| wsrep_local_replays          | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_local_send_queue       | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_local_send_queue_avg   | 0.333333                       队列平均时间间隔                          |
| wsrep_local_recv_queue       | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg   | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_local_cached_downto    | 18446744073709551615                                     |
| wsrep_flow_control_paused_ns | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_flow_control_paused    | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_flow_control_sent      | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_flow_control_recv      | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_cert_deps_distance     | 0.000000                       并发数量                          |
| wsrep_apply_oooe             | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_apply_oool             | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_apply_window           | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_commit_oooe            | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_commit_oool            | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_commit_window          | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_local_state            | 4                                                        |
| wsrep_local_state_comment    | Synced                                                   |
| wsrep_cert_index_size        | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_causal_reads           | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_cert_interval          | 0.000000                                                 |
| wsrep_incoming_addresses     | 172.16.21.180:3306,172.16.21.182:3306,172.16.21.188:3306 |
| wsrep_cluster_conf_id        | 19                                                       |
| wsrep_cluster_size           | 3                            集群成员个数                            |
| wsrep_cluster_state_uuid     | 64784714-c23a-11e4-b7d7-5edbdea0e62c                     |
| wsrep_cluster_status         | Primary                       主服务器                           |
| wsrep_connected              | ON                            当前是否连接中                           |
| wsrep_local_bf_aborts        | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_local_index            | 0                                                        |
| wsrep_provider_name          | Galera                                                   |
| wsrep_provider_vendor        | Codership Oy <info@codership.com>                        |
| wsrep_provider_version       | 25.3.5(rXXXX)                                            |
| wsrep_ready                  | ON                                                       |
| wsrep_thread_count           | 3                                                        |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+

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wsrep_ready为ON,则说明MariaDB Galera集群已经正确运行了

监控状态说明：

（1）集群完整性检查:

wsrep_cluster_state_uuid:在集群所有节点的值应该是相同的,有不同值的节点,说明其没有连接入集群.

wsrep_cluster_conf_id:正常情况下所有节点上该值是一样的.如果值不同,说明该节点被临时”分区”了.当节点之间网络连接恢复的时候应该会恢复一样的值.

wsrep_cluster_size:如果这个值跟预期的节点数一致,则所有的集群节点已经连接.

wsrep_cluster_status:集群组成的状态.如果不为”Primary”,说明出现”分区”或是”split-brain”状况.

（2）节点状态检查:

wsrep_ready: 该值为ON,则说明可以接受SQL负载.如果为Off,则需要检查wsrep_connected.

wsrep_connected: 如果该值为Off,且wsrep_ready的值也为Off,则说明该节点没有连接到集群.(可能是wsrep_cluster_address或wsrep_cluster_name等配置错造成的.具体错误需要查看错误日志)

wsrep_local_state_comment:如果wsrep_connected为On,但wsrep_ready为OFF,则可以从该项查看原因.

（3）复制健康检查:

wsrep_flow_control_paused:表示复制停止了多长时间.即表明集群因为Slave延迟而慢的程度.值为0~1,越靠近0越好,值为1表示复制完全停止.可优化wsrep_slave_threads的值来改善.

wsrep_cert_deps_distance:有多少事务可以并行应用处理.wsrep_slave_threads设置的值不应该高出该值太多.

wsrep_flow_control_sent:表示该节点已经停止复制了多少次.

wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg:表示slave事务队列的平均长度.slave瓶颈的预兆.

最慢的节点的wsrep_flow_control_sent和wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg这两个值最高.这两个值较低的话,相对更好.

（4）检测慢网络问题:

wsrep_local_send_queue_avg:网络瓶颈的预兆.如果这个值比较高的话,可能存在网络瓶

冲突或死锁的数目:

wsrep_last_committed:最后提交的事务数目

wsrep_local_cert_failures和wsrep_local_bf_aborts:回滚,检测到的冲突数目

15.测试数据是否能同步

分别在每个节点创建库和表，再删除，查看其它节点是否同步，如若配置正确，应该是同步的，具体操作省略

五、 Keepalived+LVS配置

1.使用YUM方式安装

[root@ha1 ~]# yum install keepalived ipvsadm
[root@ha2 ~]# yum install keepalived ipvsadm

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2.Keepalived配置

主机ha1的配置

[root@ha1 ~]# vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
global_defs {
   notification_email {
        xx@xxxx.com
   }
   notification_email_from root@localhost
   smtp_server 127.0.0.1
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id LVS_201
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.16.21.188/24 dev eth0 label eth0:0
    }
}
virtual_server 172.16.21.188 3306 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    nat_mask 255.255.255.0
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 172.16.21.181 3306 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
            connect_port 3306
        }
    }
    real_server 172.16.21.182 3306 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
            connect_port 3306
        }
    }
}

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备机ha2的配置

global_defs {
   notification_email {
        xx@xxxx.com
   }
   notification_email_from root@localhost
   smtp_server 127.0.0.1
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id LVS_202
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 99
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.16.21.188/24 dev eth0 label eth0:0
    }
}
virtual_server 172.16.21.188 3306 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    nat_mask 255.255.255.0
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 172.16.21.181 3306 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
            connect_port 3306
        }
    }
    real_server 172.16.21.182 3306 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
            connect_port 3306
        }
    }
}

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3.LVS脚本配置

两台realserver服务器上都要配置如下脚本

[root@mdb2 ~]#vi /etc/init.d/lvsdr.sh
#!/bin/bash
# description: Config realserver lo and apply noarp

VIP=172.16.21.188                    
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
case "$1" in
start)
    /sbin/ifconfig lo down  
    /sbin/ifconfig lo up        
    echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore
    echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce
    echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
    echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
    /sbin/sysctl -p >/dev/null 2>&1
    /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 $VIP netmask 255.255.255.255 up
    /sbin/route add -host $VIP dev lo:0
    echo "LVS-DR real server starts successfully."            
    ;;
stop)    
    /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 down
    /sbin/route del $VIP >/dev/null 2>&1
    echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore 
    echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce
    echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
    echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
    echo "LVS-DR real server stopped."
    ;;
status)
    isLoOn=`/sbin/ifconfig lo:0 | grep "$VIP"`
    isRoOn=`/bin/netstat -rn | grep "$VIP"`
    if [ "$isLoOn" == "" -a "$isRoOn" == "" ]; then
       echo "LVS-DR real server has to run yet."
    else
       echo "LVS-DR real server is running."
    fi
    exit 3
    ;;
*)    
    echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|status}" 
    exit 1    
esac                     
exit 0

[root@mdb2 ~]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/lvsdr.sh
[root@mdb3 ~]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/lvsdr.sh

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4.启动Keepalived和LVS

[root@mdb2 ~]# /etc/init.d/lvsdr.sh start
[root@mdb3 ~]# /etc/init.d/lvsdr.sh start
[root@ha1 ~]# service keepalived start
[root@ha2 ~]# service keepalived start

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5.加入开机自动启动

[root@mdb2 ~]#echo "/etc/init.d/lvsdr.sh start" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@mdb3 ~]#echo "/etc/init.d/lvsdr.sh start" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@ha1 ~]# chkconfig keepalived on
[root@ha2 ~]# chkconfig keepalived on

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6.测试

将主服务器ha1的keepalived关闭，在备机ha2上观察日志和IP变化

[root@ha1 ~]#service keepalived stop
[root@ha2 ~]#tail -f /var/log/messages
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[11249]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[11249]: Configuration is using : 14697 Bytes
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: Configuration is using : 63250 Bytes
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[11249]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[11249]: Activating healthchecker for service [172.16.21.181]:3306
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[11249]: Activating healthchecker for service [172.16.21.182]:3306
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering BACKUP STATE
Mar  5 10:36:03 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: VRRP sockpool: [ifindex(2), proto(112), unicast(0), fd(10,11)]
Mar  6 08:41:53 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Transition to MASTER STATE
Mar  6 08:41:54 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering MASTER STATE
Mar  6 08:41:54 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) setting protocol VIPs.
Mar  6 08:41:54 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 172.16.21.188
Mar  6 08:41:54 ha2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[11249]: Netlink reflector reports IP 172.16.21.188 added
Mar  6 08:41:59 ha2 Keepalived_vrrp[11250]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 172.16.21.188
[root@ha2 ~]#ifconfig 
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:1D:77:9C  
          inet addr:172.16.21.202  Bcast:172.16.21.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe1d:779c/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2969375670 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2966841735 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:225643845081 (210.1 GiB)  TX bytes:222421642143 (207.1 GiB)

eth0:0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:1D:77:9C  
          inet addr:172.16.21.188  Bcast:0.0.0.0  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:55694 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:55694 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:3176387 (3.0 MiB)  TX bytes:3176387 (3.0 MiB)

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将ha1的keepalived启动再观察ha1的日志和IP

[root@ha1 ~]#service keepalived start
[root@ha1 ~]#tail -f /var/log/messages
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived[13310]: Starting Keepalived v1.2.13 (10/15,2014)
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived[13311]: Starting Healthcheck child process, pid=13312
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived[13311]: Starting VRRP child process, pid=13313
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Netlink reflector reports IP 172.16.21.181 added
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Netlink reflector reports IP fe80::20c:29ff:fe4d:8e83 added
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Netlink reflector reports IP 172.16.21.181 added
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Registering Kernel netlink reflector
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Netlink reflector reports IP fe80::20c:29ff:fe4d:8e83 added
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Registering Kernel netlink command channel
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Registering gratuitous ARP shared channel
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Registering Kernel netlink reflector
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Registering Kernel netlink command channel
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Configuration is using : 63252 Bytes
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Configuration is using : 14699 Bytes
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Activating healthchecker for service [172.16.21.181]:3306
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Activating healthchecker for service [172.16.21.182]:3306
Mar  6 08:54:42 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: VRRP sockpool: [ifindex(2), proto(112), unicast(0), fd(10,11)]
Mar  6 08:54:43 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Transition to MASTER STATE
Mar  6 08:54:43 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Received lower prio advert, forcing new election
Mar  6 08:54:44 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering MASTER STATE
Mar  6 08:54:44 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) setting protocol VIPs.
Mar  6 08:54:44 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 172.16.21.188
Mar  6 08:54:44 ha1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[13312]: Netlink reflector reports IP 172.16.21.188 added
Mar  6 08:54:49 ha1 Keepalived_vrrp[13313]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 172.16.21.188
[root@ha1 ~]#ifconfig 
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:4D:8E:83  
          inet addr:172.16.21.201  Bcast:172.16.21.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe4d:8e83/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2968402607 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2966256067 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:224206102960 (208.8 GiB)  TX bytes:221258814612 (206.0 GiB)

eth0:0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:4D:8E:83  
          inet addr:172.16.21.188  Bcast:0.0.0.0  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:54918 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:54918 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:3096422 (2.9 MiB)  TX bytes:3096422 (2.9 MiB)

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到此，所有配置就完成了

六、总结

提到MySQL多主复制，大家很可能都是想到MySQL+MMM的架构，MariaDB Galera Cluster很好地替代了前者并且可靠性更高，具体比较可以参考http://www.oschina.net/translate/from-mysql-mmm-to-mariadb-galera-cluster-a-high-availability-makeover这篇文章。

当然，MariaDB Galera Cluster并不是适合所有需要复制的情形，你必须根据自己的需求来决定，比如，如果你是数据一致性考虑的多，而且写操作和更新的东西多，但写入量不是很大，MariaDB Galera Cluster就适合你；如果你是查询的多，且读写分离也容易实现，那就用replication好，简单易用，用一个master保证数据的一致性，可以有多个slave用来读去数据，分担负载，只要能解决好数据一致性和唯一性，replication就更适合你，毕竟MariaDB Galera Cluster集群遵循“木桶”原理，如果写的量很大，数据同步速度是由集群节点中IO最低的节点决定的，整体上，写入的速度会比replication慢许多。

如果文中有任何遗漏和错误