RabbitMQ: Accepting messages and then delivering them can be regarded as a "post office". Senders and receivers interact through queues. The size of the queue can be considered unlimited. Multiple senders can send messages to a queue, and multiple receivers can also receive messages from a queue.
The protocol used by rabbitmq is amqp, and the recommended client for python is pika
pip install pika -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/
send.py
# coding: utf8 import pika # 建立一个连接 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( 'localhost')) # 连接本地的RabbitMQ服务器 channel = connection.channel() # 获得channel
The link here is For this machine, if you want to connect to a server on another machine, just fill in the address or host name.
Next we start sending messages. Be careful to ensure that the queue that accepts messages exists, otherwise rabbitmq will discard the message
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') # 在RabbitMQ中创建hello这个队列 channel.basic_publish(exchange='', # 使用默认的exchange来发送消息到队列 routing_key='hello', # 发送到该队列 hello 中 body='Hello World!') # 消息内容 connection.close() # 关闭 同时flush
RabbitMQ requires 1GB of free disk space by default, otherwise it will be sent will fail.
At this time, a message has been stored in the local queue hello. If you use rabbitmqctl list_queues, you can see that
hello 1
indicates that there is a message stored in the hello queue.
receive .py
# coding: utf8 import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( 'localhost')) channel = connection.channel()
Still connect to the server first, the same as when sending before
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') # 此处就是声明了 来确保该队列 hello 存在 可以多次声明 这里主要是为了防止接受程序先运行时出错
def callback(ch, method, properties, body): # 用于接收到消息后的回调
print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue='hello', # 收指定队列hello的消息
no_ack=True) #在处理完消息后不发送ack给服务器
channel.start_consuming() # 启动消息接受 这会进入一个死循环The work queue is used to distribute time-consuming tasks to multiple of a work process. Instead of doing resource-consuming tasks immediately (you need to wait for these tasks to complete), schedule these tasks for later execution. For example, we send the task as a message to the queue, start a worker process to accept and finally execute it, and can start multiple worker processes to work. This applies to web applications where complex tasks should not be completed within the processing window of an http request.
channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='task_queue', body=message, properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode = 2, # 使得消息持久化 ))
The way to allocate messages is polling, that is, each worker process gets the same number of messages.
If a message is assigned to a worker process, but the worker process crashes before processing is completed, the message may be lost, because once rabbitmq distributes a message to the worker process, it deletes the message.
In order to prevent message loss, rabbitmq provides ack, that is, after the worker process receives the message and processes it, it sends ack to rabbitmq to inform rabbitmq that the message can be deleted from the queue at this time. If the worker process dies and rabbitmq does not receive the ack, the message will be redistributed to other worker processes. There is no need to set a timeout, even if the task takes a long time it can be processed.
ack is enabled by default. Previously, our worker process specified no_ack=True
channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello') # 会启用ack
Callback with ack:
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] Received %r" % (body,)
time.sleep( body.count('.') )
print " [x] Done"
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) # 发送ackHowever, sometimes RabbitMQ is restarted and messages are lost. Persistence can be set when creating the queue:
(The nature of the queue cannot be changed once determined)
channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)
At the same time, the persistence attribute of the message must also be set when sending the message:
channel .basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key="task_queue", body=message, properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent ))
However, if RabbitMQ has just received a message and has not had time to store it, the message will still be lost. At the same time, RabbitMQ does not save every message it receives. If you need a more complete guarantee, you need to use publisher confirm
Polling mode message distribution may not be fair, for example, if odd numbers of messages are heavy tasks, Some processes will always run heavy tasks. Even if there is a backlog of messages on a worker process that has not been processed, for example, many acks have not been sent, RabbitMQ will still send messages to it in order. You can add settings in the receiving process:
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
Inform RabbitMQ so that if a worker process does not send back an ack, no more messages will be allocated to it
Under normal circumstances, a message is sent. Give a worker process and then complete it. Sometimes you want to send a message to multiple processes at the same time:
Does the sender directly send the message to the queue? In fact, the sender does not send the message directly to the queue. The sender can only send messages to the exchange without knowing which queue the message will be sent to. On the one hand, the exchange receives messages from the producer, and on the other hand, it pushes them to the queue. Therefore, as an exchange, it needs to know when the message is received. What does it need to do, should it be added to a special queue, put into many queues, or discarded. Exchange has direct, topic, headers, fanout and other types, and the one used for mass sending is fanout before publishing. When sending a message, the value of exchange is '', which means using default exchange.
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', type='fanout') # 该exchange会把消息发送给所有它知道的队列中
result = channel.queue_declare() # 创建一个随机队列 result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) # 创建一个随机队列，同时在没有接收者连接该队列后则销毁它 queue_name = result.method.queue
In this way, result.method.queue is the queue name, which can be used when sending or receiving.
channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue='hello')
Send a copy of logs to hello when sending a message
channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)
Bind has been used before, that is, the relationship between exchange and queue is established (the queue is interested in messages from the exchange). You can also specify the routing_key option when binding.
Send the message corresponding to the routing key to the queue bound to the same routing key
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', type='direct')
Send function to publish messages of different severity:
channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message)
Accept function Binding corresponding to severity:
channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity)
The direct exchange used before can only bind one routing key, you can use this topic exchange that can separate the routing keys. ,For example:
"stock.usd.nyse" "nyse.vmw"
和direct exchange一样，在接受者那边绑定的key与发送时指定的routing key相同即可，另外有些特殊的值：
* 代表1个单词 # 代表0个或多个单词
如果发送者发出的routing key都是3个部分的，如：celerity.colour.species。
Q1: *.orange.* 对应的是中间的colour都为orange的 Q2: *.*.rabbit 对应的是最后部分的species为rabbit的 lazy.# 对应的是第一部分是lazy的
qucik.orange.rabbit Q1 Q2都可接收到，quick.orange.fox 只有Q1能接受到，对于lazy.pink.rabbit虽然匹配到了Q2两次，但是只会发送一次。如果绑定时直接绑定#，则会收到所有的。
在远程机器上运行一个函数然后获得结果。
１、客户端启动 同时设置一个临时队列用于接受回调，绑定该队列
self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) self.channel = self.connection.channel() result = self.channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) self.callback_queue = result.method.queue self.channel.basic_consume(self.on_response, no_ack=True, queue=self.callback_queue)
２、客户端发送rpc请求，同时附带reply_to对应回调队列，correlation_id设置为每个请求的唯一id（虽然说可以为每一次RPC请求都创建一个回调队列，但是这样效率不高，如果一个客户端只使用一个队列，则需要使用correlation_id来匹配是哪个请求），之后阻塞在回调队列直到收到回复
注意：如果收到了非法的correlation_id直接丢弃即可，因为有这种情况--服务器已经发了响应但是还没发ack就挂了，等一会服务器重启了又会重新处理该任务，又发了一遍相应，但是这时那个请求已经被处理掉了
channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='rpc_queue', properties=pika.BasicProperties( reply_to = self.callback_queue, correlation_id = self.corr_id, ), body=str(n)) # 发出调用 while self.response is None: # 这边就相当于阻塞了 self.connection.process_data_events() # 查看回调队列 return int(self.response)
3、请求会发送到rpc_queue队列
4、RPC服务器从rpc_queue中取出，执行，发送回复
channel.basic_consume(on_request, queue='rpc_queue') # 绑定 等待请求 # 处理之后： ch.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=props.reply_to, properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id = \ props.correlation_id), body=str(response)) # 发送回复到回调队列 ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) # 发送ack
5、客户端从回调队列中取出数据，检查correlation_id，执行相应操作
if self.corr_id == props.correlation_id: self.response = body
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