What are containers and facades? A brief analysis of containers and facades in thinkphp5.1

// 在框架目录下的base.php文件

// 注册核心类到容器
Container::getInstance()->bind([
    'app'                   => App::class,
    'build'                 => Build::class,
    'cache'                 => Cache::class,
    'config'                => Config::class,
    ...
]);

// 注册核心类的静态代理
Facade::bind([
    facade\App::class      => App::class,
    facade\Build::class    => Build::class,
    facade\Cache::class    => Cache::class,
    facade\Config::class   => Config::class,
    ...
]);

// 注册类库别名
Loader::addClassAlias([
    'App'      => facade\App::class,
    'Build'    => facade\Build::class,
    'Cache'    => facade\Cache::class,
    'Config'   => facade\Config::class,
    ...
]);

// 实例化缓存类

app('cache'); 
// app('cache', ['file']); 参数化调用

// 相当于执行了
Container::get('cache');

// 查看源码，Container调用的其实是make方法，在该方法里调用反射等实现类的实例化，过程如下：

public function make($abstract, $vars = [], $newInstance = false)
{
    if (true === $vars) {
        // 总是创建新的实例化对象
        $newInstance = true;
        $vars        = [];
    }

    if (isset($this->instances[$abstract]) && !$newInstance) {
        $object = $this->instances[$abstract];
    } else {
        if (isset($this->bind[$abstract])) {
            $concrete = $this->bind[$abstract];
　　　　　　　// 闭包实现
            if ($concrete instanceof \Closure) {
                $object = $this->invokeFunction($concrete, $vars);
            } else {
                $object = $this->make($concrete, $vars, $newInstance);
            }
        } else {
　　　　　　　// 反射实现
            $object = $this->invokeClass($abstract, $vars);
        }

        if (!$newInstance) {
            $this->instances[$abstract] = $object;
        }
    }

    return $object;
}

/**
 * 调用反射执行类的实例化 支持依赖注入
 * @access public
 * @param  string    $class 类名
 * @param  array     $vars  变量
 * @return mixed
 */
public function invokeClass($class, $vars = [])
{
    $reflect     = new \ReflectionClass($class);
    $constructor = $reflect->getConstructor();

    if ($constructor) {
        $args = $this->bindParams($constructor, $vars);
    } else {
        $args = [];
    }

    return $reflect->newInstanceArgs($args);
}

/**
 * 执行函数或者闭包方法 支持参数调用
 * @access public
 * @param  string|array|\Closure $function 函数或者闭包
 * @param  array                 $vars     变量
 * @return mixed
 */
public function invokeFunction($function, $vars = [])
{
    $reflect = new \ReflectionFunction($function);
    $args    = $this->bindParams($reflect, $vars);

    return $reflect->invokeArgs($args);
}

facade\Config::get('app_debug');

// thinkphp\library\facade\Config 类

namespace think\facade;

use think\Facade;

class Config extends Facade
{
}

public static function __callStatic($method, $params)
{
    return call_user_func_array([static::createFacade(), $method], $params);
}

/**
 * 创建Facade实例
 * @static
 * @access protected
 * @param  string    $class          类名或标识
 * @param  array     $args           变量
 * @param  bool      $newInstance    是否每次创建新的实例
 * @return object
 */
protected static function createFacade($class = '', $args = [], $newInstance = false)
{
    $class       = $class ?: static::class;
    $facadeClass = static::getFacadeClass();

    if ($facadeClass) {
        $class = $facadeClass;
    } elseif (isset(self::$bind[$class])) {
        $class = self::$bind[$class];
    }

    if (static::$alwaysNewInstance) {
        $newInstance = true;
    }

    return Container::getInstance()->make($class, $args, $newInstance);
}

Container::getInstance()->bind([
　　'config'  => Config::class
])

// 在 createFacade 方法中，获取类的名称：$class = $class ?: static::class; 即得到 config 这个标识

// 在容器的make方法中，根据config标识，找到绑定的 think\Config 类，并调用其动态方法 get。

facade\Config::get('app_debug'); 

// 最后调用的是：

(new think\Config())->get('app_debug');