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Database

Mysql Tutorial

How to Use the GROUP BY Clause and Aggregate Functions in MySQL?

TheGROUPBYclausegroupsrowswiththesamevaluesinspecifiedcolumns,enablingdatasummarizationwithaggregatefunctions.2.CommonaggregatefunctionsincludeCOUNT()tocountrows,SUM()toaddvalues,AVG()tocalculateaverages,MAX()tofindthehighestvalue,andMIN()tofindthelo

Aug 02, 2025 am 01:14 AM

mysql group by

Implementing MySQL Online Schema Changes with gh-ost or pt-online-schema-change

How to choose gh-ost or pt-online-schema-change? 1.pt-online-schema-change belongs to PerconaToolkit, with a long history and good community support; 2.gh-ost is lighter and supports triggerless mode, suitable for high concurrency or large table scenarios. The core process during use: 1. Create a new table and apply a new schema; 2. Copy the original table data; 3. Synchronize incremental changes (trigger or binlog); 4. Replace the original table. Notes include: 1. Ensure that the index and foreign keys are correct; 2. Pay attention to the short locks in the switching stage; 3. Reserve enough disk space; 4. Monitor copy delays. Common error checks: 1. Check locks waiting and dead

Aug 02, 2025 am 12:25 AM

Securing MySQL from Brute-Force Attacks

To prevent MySQL from being brute-forced attacks, you should first prohibit unnecessary remote access, modify bind-address to 127.0.0.1 or specify IP, and avoid using 0.0.0.0.0; secondly, strengthen the account password policy, use strong passwords, disable default accounts, enable validate_password plug-in, and change passwords regularly; thirdly, use a firewall to restrict access ports, set login failure restrictions and monitor logs; in addition, changing the default port, keeping MySQL version updated, and enabling SSL encrypted connections are also important measures, and security protection needs to be continuously optimized and monitored.

Aug 02, 2025 am 12:24 AM

MySQL and Kubernetes: Deploying StatefulSets for Scalability

StatefulSets is suitable for deploying MySQL because it provides stable network identity and persistent storage. Each Pod has an independent host name (such as mysql-0, mysql-1) for easy master-slave configuration, combined with HeadlessService to implement DNS resolution, and each Pod binds a PVC to ensure data durability; the deployment steps include creating a HeadlessService, defining StatefulSet, configuring environment variables, and using volumeClaimTemplates; in terms of storage, you need to allocate independent PVC for each Pod, selecting a suitable StorageClass and ensuring that the data directory is mounted to a persistent volume; if it is highly available, you need to manually configure the master.

Aug 01, 2025 am 07:23 AM

Mastering MySQL Triggers for Data Integrity and Automation

MySQL trigger is a stored program that is automatically executed on tables, suitable for data consistency maintenance, change logging, business rule implementation and other scenarios. Its creation includes defining the trigger timing (BEFORE or AFTER), event type (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), association tables and specific logic. For example, a log can be logged when the user inserts: CREATETRIGGERafter_user_insertAFTERINSERTONusersFOREACHROWBEGINSERTINTOuser_logs...END. BEFORE triggers can be used for data verification, such as limiting discounts not exceeding 50%: CRE

Aug 01, 2025 am 07:22 AM

What are the different types of table locks in MySQL?

Readlocksallowconcurrentreadsbutblockwrites;2.Writelocksprovideexclusiveaccess,blockingallotherreadandwriteoperations;3.ExplicitlocksaremanuallysetwithLOCKTABLESandreleasedwithUNLOCKTABLES,whileimplicitlocksareautomaticallymanagedbyMySQLdependingonth

Aug 01, 2025 am 07:19 AM

mysql table lock

How to Perform Point-in-Time Recovery Using the Binary Log?

To restore the MySQL database to a specific point in time, you must first restore the complete backup, and then use binary logs to replay the changes. The specific steps are: 1. Use mysqldump and other tools to restore the most recent complete backup to bring the database back to the state at the time of backup; 2. Use mysqlbinlog to analyze the binary logs in combination with time range or location information, and locate the time point or event location that needs to be restored; 3. Use mysqlbinlog to read the binary log from the backup time to the target time point, and redirect its output to the MySQL server for execution, thereby replaying all legal operations within this time period; To ensure accuracy, it is recommended to use log location instead of timestamp, and test the recovery process in a non-production environment, and enable-

Aug 01, 2025 am 07:13 AM

mysql 时间点恢复

Understanding MySQL Connection Pooling and Management

MySQL connection pool is a "connection repository" that is used to efficiently manage database connections and avoid resource waste and performance bottlenecks. Its core function is to create connections in advance for programs to "borrow and return" to reduce the overhead of frequent connection establishment and destruction. Common configuration parameters include: 1. Max_connections; 2. Idle connection timeout time (idle_timeout); 3. Wait timeout time (wait_timeout); 4. Initial connection number (initial_size). When selecting a connection pool library, you can consider HikariCP, Druid, C3P0, etc. The usage steps include introducing dependencies, configuring parameters, initializing, obtaining and returning connections. Frequently asked questions about connection leaks

Aug 01, 2025 am 07:11 AM

Choosing the Right MySQL Data Types for Optimal Performance

Choosing the right MySQL data type can significantly improve performance. 1. The numerical type should be selected according to the value range and storage space. For example, TINYINT is suitable for the status field, and BIGINT avoids waste; 2. VARCHAR in the character type is suitable for content with large length changes, and CHAR is used for fixed length fields; 3. The time type DATETIME is suitable for large-scale time points, TIMESTAMP is suitable for time fields related to time zones and needs to be automatically updated, and DATE only has dates; 4. Large fields such as TEXT and BLOB should be used with caution to avoid affecting the sorting performance. It is recommended to split them into separate tables to optimize query efficiency.

Aug 01, 2025 am 07:08 AM

What is the MySQL error log and where to find it?

TheMySQLerrorloglocationcanbefoundbycheckingtheconfigurationfileorusingaSQLcommand.First,checkthemy.cnformy.inifileforthelog_errordirective;commonpathsinclude/etc/my.cnfonLinuxandmy.inionWindows.Second,ifnotspecified,usedefaultlocationssuchas/var/log

Aug 01, 2025 am 07:07 AM

查找位置

How to Reset the Root Password in MySQL?

StoptheMySQLserviceusingsystemctl,service,ornetstopdependingonyourOS.2.StartMySQLinsafemodewith--skip-grant-tablesand--skip-networkingtobypassauthentication.3.ConnecttoMySQLasrootwithoutapasswordusingmysql-uroot.4.ResettherootpasswordusingALTERUSERfo

Aug 01, 2025 am 06:57 AM

mysql root password

Optimizing MySQL for Geo-Spatial Data with GIS Functions

ToefficientlyhandlegeospatialdatainMySQL,usethePOINTdatatypewithSRID4326forGPScoordinates,createspatialindexes(especiallyonInnoDBinMySQL8.0 ),andutilizebuilt-inGISfunctionslikeST_Distance_Sphereforaccurateandperformantqueries.1.StorecoordinatesinaPOI

Aug 01, 2025 am 06:54 AM

Understanding MySQL Query Cache Limitations and Alternatives

The reasons why MySQL query cache effect is not obvious include: 1. Only effective for exactly the same SQL, and different spaces or case are considered as new queries; 2. Each time the table has a write operation, the relevant cache will be cleared, and the hit rate is low in frequent read and write scenarios; 3. The cache efficiency depends on the usage mode, which is only suitable for scenarios where there are fewer data changes and many repeated queries. Alternative solutions include: 1. Application-layer cache (such as Redis), which controls fine granularity but requires management of life cycle; 2. Proxy-layer cache (such as ProxySQL), which supports flexible and regular configuration; 3. Optimize SQL and indexes to fundamentally improve performance. You can judge the cache efficiency by viewing the Qcache status indicators. If the number of hits is much lower than the number of inserts, you should consider disabling it.

Aug 01, 2025 am 06:51 AM

Scaling MySQL with Sharding and Partitioning Techniques

Sharding is suitable for scenarios where the data volume is extremely large and needs to be scaled horizontally, reducing the load by splitting the database; partitioning is suitable for optimizing single-table query performance and dividing physical blocks according to rules. Sharding is split according to user ID, region or time and requires middleware support. It is suitable for scenarios with high write pressure and acceptable complexity. Partitions include RANGE, LIST, HASH and other types, which improve query efficiency and are transparent to applications, but cannot solve the write bottleneck; if the data volume is large and the expansion is required for sharding, if the query efficiency decreases significantly, partitioning is preferred; pay attention to key selection, partition number control, shard expansion strategy and monitoring and maintenance when implementing.

Aug 01, 2025 am 06:51 AM

mysql sharding