Data siri masa ialah jenis data yang dikumpul dalam tempoh masa Ia sering digunakan dalam bidang seperti kewangan, ekonomi dan meteorologi dan sering dianalisis untuk memahami arah aliran dan corak dari semasa ke semasa
import datetime
t = datetime.datetime.now()
print(f"type: {type(t)} and t: {t}")
#type: <class 'datetime.datetime'> and t: 2022-12-26 14:20:51.278230string = '2022-01-01 11:30:09'
t = datetime.datetime.strptime(string, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
print(f"type: {type(t)} and t: {t}")
#type: <class 'datetime.datetime'> and t: 2022-01-01 11:30:09
Masa unix dan cap waktu sering digunakan secara bergantian. Masa Unix ialah versi standard untuk mencipta cap masa. Biasanya jenis data integer atau titik terapung digunakan untuk menyimpan cap masa dan masa Unix.
Kami boleh menukar objek datetime kepada integer masa Unix menggunakan kaedah mktime modul masa. Anda juga boleh menggunakan kaedah fromtimestamp modul datetime.
t = datetime.datetime.now()
t_string = t.strftime("%m/%d/%Y, %H:%M:%S")
#12/26/2022, 14:38:47
t_string = t.strftime("%b/%d/%Y, %H:%M:%S")
#Dec/26/2022, 14:39:32Gunakan modul dateutil untuk menghuraikan rentetan tarikh untuk mendapatkan objek datetime.
PandaPanda menyediakan tiga jenis data tarikh:#convert datetime to unix time import time from datetime import datetime t = datetime.now() unix_t = int(time.mktime(t.timetuple())) #1672055277 #convert unix time to datetime unix_t = 1672055277 t = datetime.fromtimestamp(unix_t) #2022-12-26 14:47:57
1 Cap Waktu atau DatetimeIndex: Fungsinya serupa dengan jenis indeks lain, tetapi ia juga mempunyai Khas yang berguna fungsi untuk operasi siri masa.
from dateutil import parser
date = parser.parse("29th of October, 1923")
#datetime.datetime(1923, 10, 29, 0, 0)t = pd.to_datetime("29/10/1923", dayfirst=True)
#Timestamp('1923-10-29 00:00:00')
t = pd.Timestamp('2019-01-01', tz = 'Europe/Berlin')
#Timestamp('2019-01-01 00:00:00+0100', tz='Europe/Berlin')
t = pd.to_datetime(["04/23/1920", "10/29/1923"])
#DatetimeIndex(['1920-04-23', '1923-10-29'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)t = pd.to_datetime(["04/23/1920", "10/29/1923"])
period = t.to_period("D")
#PeriodIndex(['1920-04-23', '1923-10-29'], dtype='period[D]')delta = pd.TimedeltaIndex(data =['1 days 03:00:00', '2 days 09:05:01.000030']) """ TimedeltaIndex(['1 days 02:00:00', '1 days 06:05:01.000030'], dtype='timedelta64[ns]', freq=None) """
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("dataset.txt")
df.head()
"""
date value
0 1991-07-01 3.526591
1 1991-08-01 3.180891
2 1991-09-01 3.252221
3 1991-10-01 3.611003
4 1991-11-01 3.565869
"""
df.info()
"""
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 204 entries, 0 to 203
Data columns (total 2 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 date 204 non-null object
1 value 204 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(1), object(1)
memory usage: 3.3+ KB
"""
# Convert to datetime
df["date"] = pd.to_datetime(df["date"], format = "%Y-%m-%d")
df.info()
"""
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 204 entries, 0 to 203
Data columns (total 2 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 date 204 non-null datetime64[ns]
1 value 204 non-null float64
dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), float64(1)
memory usage: 3.3 KB
"""
# Convert to Unix
df['unix_time'] = df['date'].apply(lambda x: x.timestamp())
df.head()
"""
date value unix_time
0 1991-07-01 3.526591 678326400.0
1 1991-08-01 3.180891 681004800.0
2 1991-09-01 3.252221 683683200.0
3 1991-10-01 3.611003 686275200.0
4 1991-11-01 3.565869 688953600.0
"""
df["date_converted_from_unix"] = pd.to_datetime(df["unix_time"], unit = "s")
df.head()
"""
date value unix_time date_converted_from_unix
0 1991-07-01 3.526591 678326400.0 1991-07-01
1 1991-08-01 3.180891 681004800.0 1991-08-01
2 1991-09-01 3.252221 683683200.0 1991-09-01
3 1991-10-01 3.611003 686275200.0 1991-10-01
4 1991-11-01 3.565869 688953600.0 1991-11-01
"""df = pd.read_csv("dataset.txt", parse_dates=["date"])
df.info()
"""
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 204 entries, 0 to 203
Data columns (total 2 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 date 204 non-null datetime64[ns]
1 value 204 non-null float64
dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), float64(1)
memory usage: 3.3 KB
"""df.set_index("date",inplace=True)
"""
Value
date
1991-07-01 3.526591
1991-08-01 3.180891
1991-09-01 3.252221
1991-10-01 3.611003
1991-11-01 3.565869
... ...
2008-02-01 21.654285
2008-03-01 18.264945
2008-04-01 23.107677
2008-05-01 22.912510
2008-06-01 19.431740
"""import numpy as np
arr_date = np.array('2000-01-01', dtype=np.datetime64)
arr_date
#array('2000-01-01', dtype='datetime64[D]')
#broadcasting
arr_date = arr_date + np.arange(30)
"""
array(['2000-01-01', '2000-01-02', '2000-01-03', '2000-01-04',
'2000-01-05', '2000-01-06', '2000-01-07', '2000-01-08',
'2000-01-09', '2000-01-10', '2000-01-11', '2000-01-12',
'2000-01-13', '2000-01-14', '2000-01-15', '2000-01-16',
'2000-01-17', '2000-01-18', '2000-01-19', '2000-01-20',
'2000-01-21', '2000-01-22', '2000-01-23', '2000-01-24',
'2000-01-25', '2000-01-26', '2000-01-27', '2000-01-28',
'2000-01-29', '2000-01-30'], dtype='datetime64[D]')
"""df = pd.read_csv("dataset.txt", parse_dates=["date"])
df["date"].dt.day_name()
"""
0 Monday
1 Thursday
2 Sunday
3 Tuesday
4 Friday
...
199 Friday
200 Saturday
201 Tuesday
202 Thursday
203 Sunday
Name: date, Length: 204, dtype: object
"""#pip install pandas-datareader from pandas_datareader import wb #GDP per Capita From World Bank df = wb.download(indicator='NY.GDP.PCAP.KD', country=['US', 'FR', 'GB', 'DK', 'NO'], start=1960, end=2019) """ NY.GDP.PCAP.KD country year Denmark 2019 57203.027794 2018 56563.488473 2017 55735.764901 2016 54556.068955 2015 53254.856370 ... ... United States 1964 21599.818705 1963 20701.269947 1962 20116.235124 1961 19253.547329 1960 19135.268182 [300 rows x 1 columns] """
pd.date_range(start="2021-01-01", end="2022-01-01", freq="D")
"""
DatetimeIndex(['2021-01-01', '2021-01-02', '2021-01-03', '2021-01-04',
'2021-01-05', '2021-01-06', '2021-01-07', '2021-01-08',
'2021-01-09', '2021-01-10',
...
'2021-12-23', '2021-12-24', '2021-12-25', '2021-12-26',
'2021-12-27', '2021-12-28', '2021-12-29', '2021-12-30',
'2021-12-31', '2022-01-01'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', length=366, freq='D')
"""
pd.date_range(start="2021-01-01", end="2022-01-01", freq="BM")
"""
DatetimeIndex(['2021-01-29', '2021-02-26', '2021-03-31', '2021-04-30',
'2021-05-31', '2021-06-30', '2021-07-30', '2021-08-31',
'2021-09-30', '2021-10-29', '2021-11-30', '2021-12-31'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='BM')
"""
fridays= pd.date_range('2022-11-01', '2022-12-31', freq="W-FRI")
"""
DatetimeIndex(['2022-11-04', '2022-11-11', '2022-11-18', '2022-11-25',
'2022-12-02', '2022-12-09', '2022-12-16', '2022-12-23',
'2022-12-30'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='W-FRI')
"""
Kaedah dt.strftime kami menukar format lajur tarikh.
t = pd.timedelta_range(0, periods=10, freq="H") """ TimedeltaIndex(['0 days 00:00:00', '0 days 01:00:00', '0 days 02:00:00', '0 days 03:00:00', '0 days 04:00:00', '0 days 05:00:00', '0 days 06:00:00', '0 days 07:00:00', '0 days 08:00:00', '0 days 09:00:00'], dtype='timedelta64[ns]', freq='H') """
df["new_date"] = df["date"].dt.strftime("%b %d, %Y")
df.head()
"""
date value new_date
0 1991-07-01 3.526591 Jul 01, 1991
1 1991-08-01 3.180891 Aug 01, 1991
2 1991-09-01 3.252221 Sep 01, 1991
3 1991-10-01 3.611003 Oct 01, 1991
4 1991-11-01 3.565869 Nov 01, 1991
"""df["year"] = df["date"].dt.year df["month"] = df["date"].dt.month df["day"] = df["date"].dt.day df["calendar"] = df["date"].dt.date df["hour"] = df["date"].dt.time df.head() """ date value year month day calendar hour 0 1991-07-01 3.526591 1991 7 1 1991-07-01 00:00:00 1 1991-08-01 3.180891 1991 8 1 1991-08-01 00:00:00 2 1991-09-01 3.252221 1991 9 1 1991-09-01 00:00:00 3 1991-10-01 3.611003 1991 10 1 1991-10-01 00:00:00 4 1991-11-01 3.565869 1991 11 1 1991-11-01 00:00:00 """
df["date_joined"] = pd.to_datetime(df[["year","month","day"]]) print(df["date_joined"]) """ 0 1991-07-01 1 1991-08-01 2 1991-09-01 3 1991-10-01 4 1991-11-01 ... 199 2008-02-01 200 2008-03-01 201 2008-04-01 202 2008-05-01 203 2008-06-01 Name: date_joined, Length: 204, dtype: datetime64[ns]
df = df.loc["2021-01-01":"2021-01-10"]
Berikut adalah untuk melaksanakan operasi pada nilai dalam set data siri masa. Kami menggunakan pustaka yfinance untuk mencipta set data saham untuk contoh kami.
df_truncated = df.truncate('2021-01-05', '2022-01-10')
Kira beza
#subtract that day's value from the previous day df["Diff_Close"] = df["Close"].diff() #Subtract that day's value from the day's value 2 days ago df["Diff_Close_2Days"] = df["Close"].diff(periods=2)
df["Volume_Cumulative"] = df["Volume"].cumsum()
滚动窗口计算(移动平均线)。
df["Close_Rolling_14"] = df["Close"].rolling(14).mean() df.tail()
可以对我们计算的移动平均线进行可视化
常用的参数：
s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) #the rolling window will be centered on each observation rolling_mean = s.rolling(window=3, center=True).mean() """ 0 NaN 1 2.0 2 3.0 3 4.0 4 NaN dtype: float64 Explanation: first window: [na 1 2] = na second window: [1 2 3] = 2 """ # the rolling window will not be centered, #and will instead be anchored to the left side of the window rolling_mean = s.rolling(window=3, center=False).mean() """ 0 NaN 1 NaN 2 2.0 3 3.0 4 4.0 dtype: float64 Explanation: first window: [na na 1] = na second window: [na 1 2] = na third window: [1 2 3] = 2 """
Pandas有两个方法，shift()和tshift()，它们可以指定倍数移动数据或时间序列的索引。Shift()移位数据，而tshift()移位索引。
#shift the data df_shifted = df.shift(5,axis=0) df_shifted.head(10) #shift the indexes df_tshifted = df.tshift(periods = 4, freq = 'D') df_tshifted.head(10)
df_shifted
df_tshifted
在 Pandas 中，操 to_period 函数允许将日期转换为特定的时间间隔。可以获取具有许多不同间隔或周期的日期
df["Period"] = df["Date"].dt.to_period('W')
Asfreq方法用于将时间序列转换为指定的频率。
monthly_data = df.asfreq('M', method='ffill')
常用参数:
freq:数据应该转换到的频率。这可以使用字符串别名(例如，'M'表示月，'H'表示小时)或pandas偏移量对象来指定。
method:如何在转换频率时填充缺失值。这可以是'ffill'(向前填充)或'bfill'(向后填充)之类的字符串。
resample可以改变时间序列频率并重新采样。我们可以进行上采样(到更高的频率)或下采样(到更低的频率)。因为我们正在改变频率，所以我们需要使用一个聚合函数(比如均值、最大值等)。
resample方法的参数:
rule:数据重新采样的频率。这可以使用字符串别名(例如，'M'表示月，'H'表示小时)或pandas偏移量对象来指定。
#down sample
monthly_data = df.resample('M').mean()
#up sample
minute_data = data.resample('T').ffill()
使用pct_change方法来计算日期之间的变化百分比。
df["PCT"] = df["Close"].pct_change(periods=2) print(df["PCT"]) """ Date 2020-01-02 NaN 2020-01-03 NaN 2020-01-06 0.021283 2020-01-07 0.024671 2020-01-08 0.005172 ... 2022-12-19 -0.026634 2022-12-20 -0.013738 2022-12-21 0.012890 2022-12-22 -0.014154 2022-12-23 -0.003907 Name: PCT, Length: 752, dtype: float64 """
在Pandas和NumPy等库的帮助下，可以对时间序列数据执行广泛的操作，包括过滤、聚合和转换。本文介绍的是一些在工作中经常遇到的常见操作，希望对你有所帮助。
Atas ialah kandungan terperinci Ringkasan kaedah biasa untuk manipulasi data siri masa Python. Untuk maklumat lanjut, sila ikut artikel berkaitan lain di laman web China PHP!
![[Web front-end] Permulaan pantas Node.js](https://img.php.cn/upload/course/000/000/067/662b5d34ba7c0227.png)
