14个优化网站性能提高网站访问速度的技巧
又叫“雅虎十四条”，想起一年前那个懵懂的我，大四傻乎乎的跑到大学城面试前端，那个时候以为寒暑假看了两套CSS的视频，就很牛B了，出发先还把视频温了一下，嗯嗯，这是滑动门，嗯嗯这是绝对定位，嗯嗯这是浮动清除……
当时是彪叔面试我的，当时我还不知道那个人，全身黑漆漆的，黑色T-shirt，黑色皮肤，黑色帽子，黑色墨镜，还有点黑色胡渣的人，就是彪叔，补做了试题后支支吾吾的跟他谈了一下，发现完全不行，第一个问题是“雅虎十四条”是什么？然后我蒙了，pardon? 听都没听过，接着就阵亡了，回家后发了篇日志在QQ空间，不过当时也是一知半解，今天看了一整天，把它贴出来跟大家分享：
相信互联网已经越来越成为人们生活中不可或缺的一部分。ajax，flex等等富客户端的应用使得人们越加“幸福”地体验着许多原先只能在C/S实 现的功能。比如Google机会已经把最基本的office应用都搬到了互联网上。当然便利的同时毫无疑问的也使页面的速度越来越慢。自己是做前端开发 的，在性能方面，根据yahoo的调查，后台只占5%，而前端高达95%之多，其中有88%的东西是可以优化的。
以上是一张web2.0页面的生命周期图。工程师很形象地讲它分成了“怀孕，出生，毕业，结婚”四个阶段。如果在我们点击网页链接的时候能够意识到 这个过程而不是简单的请求-响应的话，我们便可以挖掘出很多细节上可以提升性能的东西。今天听了淘宝小马哥的一个对yahoo开发团队对web性能研究的 一个讲座，感觉收获很大，想在blog上做个分享。
相信很多人都听过优化网站性能的14条规则。更多的信息可见developer.yahoo.com
1. 尽可能的减少 HTTP 的请求数 [content]
2. 使用 CDN（Content Delivery Network） [server]
3. 添加 Expires 头(或者 Cache-control ) [server]
4. Gzip 组件 [server]
5. 将 CSS 样式放在页面的上方 [css]
6. 将脚本移动到底部（包括内联的） [javascript]
7. 避免使用 CSS 中的 Expressions [css]
8. 将 JavaScript 和 CSS 独立成外部文件 [javascript] [css]
9. 减少 DNS 查询 [content]
10. 压缩 JavaScript 和 CSS (包括内联的) [javascript] [css]
11. 避免重定向 [server]
12. 移除重复的脚本 [javascript]
13. 配置实体标签（ETags） [css]
14. 使 AJAX 缓存
在firefox下有一个插件yslow，集成在firebug中，你可以用它很方便地来看看自己的网站在这几个方面的表现。
这是对用yslow对我的网站西风坊测评的结果，很遗憾，只有51分。呵呵。中国各大网站的分值都不高，刚测了一下，新浪和网易都是31分。然后 yahoo(美国)的分值确实97分!可见yahoo在这方面作出的努力。从他们总结的这14条规则，已经现在又新增加的20个点来看，有很多细节我们真 得是怎么都不会去想，有些做法甚至是有些“变态”了。
第一条、尽可能的减少 HTTP 的请求数 (Make Fewer HTTP Requests )
http请求是要开销的，想办法减少请求数自然可以提高网页速度。常用的方法，合并css，js(将一个页面中的css和js文件分别合并)以及 Image maps和css sprites等。当然或许将css，js文件拆分多个是因为css结构，共用等方面的考虑。阿里巴巴中文站当时的做法是开发时依然分开开发，然后在后台 对js，css进行合并，这样对于浏览器来说依然是一个请求，但是开发时仍然能还原成多个，方便管理和重复引用。yahoo甚至建议将首页的css和js 直接写在页面文件里面，而不是外部引用。因为首页的访问量太大了，这么做也可以减少两个请求数。而事实上国内的很多门户都是这么做的。
而css sprites是指只用将页面上的背景图合并成一张，然后通过css的background-position属性定义不过的值来取他的背景。淘宝和阿里巴巴中文站目前都是这样做的。有兴趣的可以看下淘宝和阿里巴巴的背景图。
http://www.csssprites.com/ 这是个工具网站，它可以自动将你上传的图片合并并给出对应的background-position坐标。并将结果以png和gif的格式输出。
第二条、使用CDN(内容分发网络): Use a Content Delivery Network
说实话，对于CDN这一块自己并不是很了解，简单地讲，通过在现有的Internet中增加一层新的网络架构，将网站的内容发布到最接近用户的 cache服务器内，通过DNS负载均衡的技术，判断用户来源就近访问cache服务器取得所需的内容，杭州的用户访问近杭州服务器上的内容，北京的访问 近北京服务器上的内容。这样可以有效减少数据在网络上传输的时间，提高速度。更详细地内容大家可以参考百度百科上对于CDN的解释。Yahoo!把静态内 容分布到CDN减少了用户影响时间20%或更多。
CDN技术示意图：
CDN组网示意图：
第三条、 添加Expire/Cache-Control 头：Add an Expires Header
现在越来越多的图片，脚本，css，flash被嵌入到页面中，当我们访问他们的时候势必会做许多次的http请求。其实我们可以通过设置 Expires header 来缓存这些文件。Expire其实就是通过header报文来指定特定类型的文件在览器中的缓存时间。大多数的图片，flash在发布后都是不需要经常修 改的，做了缓存以后这样浏览器以后就不需要再从服务器下载这些文件而是而直接从缓存中读取，这样再次访问页面的速度会大大加快。一个典型的HTTP 1.1协议返回的头信息：
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 30 Oct 1998 13:19:41 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.3 (Unix)
Cache-Control: max-age=3600, must-revalidate
Expires: Fri, 30 Oct 1998 14:19:41 GMT
Last-Modified: Mon, 29 Jun 1998 02:28:12 GMT
ETag: “3e86-410-3596fbbc”
Content-Length: 1040
Content-Type: text/html
其中通过服务器端脚本设置Cache-Control和Expires可以完成。
如，在php中设置30天后过期：
| 以下为引用的内容： |
也可以通过配置服务器本身完成，这些偶就不是很清楚了，呵呵。想了解跟多的朋友可以参考http://www.web-caching.com/
据我了解，目前阿里巴巴中文站的Expires过期时间是30天。不过期间也有过问题，特别是对于脚本过期时间的设置还是应该仔细考虑下，不然相应 的脚本功能更新后客户端可能要过很长一段时间才能“感知”到这样的变化。以前做[suggest项目] 的时候就遇到过这个问题。所以，哪些应该缓存，哪些不该缓存还是应该仔细斟酌一番。
第四条、启用Gzip压缩：Gzip Components
Gzip的思想就是把文件先在服务器端进行压缩，然后再传输。这样可以显著减少文件传输的大小。传输完毕后浏览器会 重新对压缩过的内容进行解压缩，并执行。目前的浏览器都能“良好”地支持 gzip。不仅浏览器可以识别，而且各大“爬虫”也同样可以识别，各位seoer可以放下心了。而且gzip的压缩比例非常大，一般压缩率为85%，就是 说服务器端100K的页面可以压缩到25K左右再发送到客户端。具体的Gzip压缩原理大家可以参考csdn上的《gzip压缩算法》 这篇文章。雅虎特别强调， 所有的文本内容都应该被gzip压缩: html (php), js, css, xml, txt… 这一点我们网站做得不错，是一个A。以前我们的首页也并不是A，因为首页上还有很多广告代码投放的js，这些广告代码拥有者的网站的js没有经过gzip 压缩，也会拖累我们网站。
以上三点大多属于服务器端的内容，本人也是粗浅地了解而已。说得不对的地方有待各位指正。
第五条、将css放在页面最上面 ( Put Stylesheets at the Top)
将css放在页面最上面，这是为什么?因为 ie，firefox等浏览器在css全部传输完全之前不会去渲染任何的东西。理由诚如小马哥说得那样很简单。css，全称Cascading Style Sheets (层叠样式表单)。层叠即意味这后面的css可以覆盖前面的css，级别高的css可以覆盖级别低的css。在[css之!important] 这篇文章的最下面曾简单地提到过这层级关系，这里我们只需要知道css可以被覆盖的。既然前面的可以被覆盖，浏览器在他完全加载完毕之后再去渲染无疑也是 合情合理的很多浏览器下，如IE，把样式表放在页面的底部的问题在于它禁止了网页内容的顺序显示。浏览器阻止显示以免重画页面元素，那用户只能看到空白页 了。Firefox不会阻止显示，但这意味着当样式表下载后，有些页面元素可能需要重画，这导致闪烁问题。所以我们应该尽快让css加载完毕
顺着这层意思，如果我们再细究的话，其实还有可以优化的地方。比如本站上面包含的两个css文件，
第六条、将script放在页面最下面 (Put Scripts at the Bottom )
将脚本放在页面最下面的目的有那么两点： 1、 因为防止script脚本的执行阻塞页面的下载。在页面loading的过程中，当浏览器读到js执行语句的时候一定会把它全部解释完毕后在会接下来读下 面的内容。不信你可以写一个js死循环看看页面下面的东西还会不会出来。(setTimeout 和 setInterval的执行有点类似于多线程，在相应的响应时间之前也会继续下面的内容渲染。)浏览器这么做的逻辑是因为js随时可能执 行 location.href或是其他可能完全中断此页面过程的函数，即如此，当然得等他执行完毕之后再加载咯。所以放在页面最后，可以有效减少页面可 视元素的加载时间。 2、脚本引起的第二个问题是它阻塞并行下载数量。HTTP/1.1规范建议浏览器每个主机的并行下载数不超过2个(IE只能为2个，其他浏览器如ff等都 是默认设置为2个，不过新出的ie8可以达6个)。因此如果您把图像文件分布到多台机器的话，您可以达到超过2个的并行下载。但是当脚本文件下载时，浏览 器不会启动其他的并行下载。
当然对各个网站来说，把脚本都放到页面底部加载的可行性还是值得商榷的。就比如阿里巴巴中文站的页面。很多地方有内联的js，页面的显示严重依赖于此，我承认这和无侵入脚本的理念相差甚远，但是很多“历史遗留问题”却不是那么容易解决的。
第七条、避免在CSS中使用Expressions (Avoid CSS Expressions )
不过这样就多了两层无意义的嵌套，肯定不好。还需要一个更好的办法。
第八条、把javascript和css都放到外部文件中 (Make JavaScript and CSS External )
这点我想还是很容易理解的。不仅从性能优化上会这么做，用代码易于维护的角度看也应该这么做。把css和js写在页面内容可以减少2次请求，但也增 大了页面的大小。如果已经对css和js做了缓存，那也就没有2次多余的http请求了。当然，我在前面中也说过，有些特殊的页面开发人员还是会选择内联 的css和js文件。
第九条、减少DNS查询 (Reduce DNS Lookups)
在 Internet上域名与IP地址之间是一一对应的，域名(kuqin.com)很好记，但计算机不认识，计算机之间的“相认”还要转成ip地址。在网络 上每台计算机都对应有一个独立的ip地址。在域名和ip地址之间的转换工作称为域名解析，也称DNS查询。一次DNS的解析过程会消耗20-120毫秒的 时间,在dns查询结束之前，浏览器不会下载该域名下的任何东西。所以减少dns查询的时间可以加快页面的加载速度。yahoo的建议一个页面所包含的域 名数尽量控制在2-4个。这就需要对页面整体有一个很好的规划。目前我们这点做的不好，很多打点的广告投放系统拖累了我们。
第十条、压缩 JavaScript 和 CSS (Minify JavaScript )
压缩js和css的左右很显然，减少页面字节数。容量小页面加载速度自然也就快。而且压缩除了减少体积以外还可以起到一定的保护左右。这点我们做得 不错。常用的压缩工具有JsMin、YUI compressor等。另外像http://dean.edwards.name/packer/还给我们提供了一个非常方便的在线压缩工具。你可以在 jQuery的网页看到压缩过的js文件和没有压缩过的js文件的容量差别：
当然，压缩带来的一个弊端就是代码的可读性没了。相信很多做前端的朋友都遇到过这个问题：看Google的效果很酷，可是去看他的源代码却是一大堆 挤在一起的字符，连函数名都是替换过的，汗死!自己的代码也这样岂不是对维护非常不方便。所有阿里巴巴中文站目前采用的做法是在js和css发布的时候在 服务器端进行压缩。这样在我们很方便地维护自己的代码。
第十一条、避免重定向 (Avoid Redirects )
不久前在ieblog上看到过《Internet Explorer and Connection Limits》 这篇文章，比如 当你输入http://www.kuqin.com/ 的时候服务器会自动产生一个301服务器转向 http://www.kuqin.com/ ，你看浏览器的地址栏就能看出来。这种重定向自然也是需要消耗时间的。当然这只是一个例子，发生重定向的原因还有很多，但是不变的是每增加一次重定向就会 增加一次web请求，所以因该尽量减少。
第十二条、移除重复的脚本 (Remove Duplicate Scripts )
这点我想不说也知道，不仅是从性能上考虑，代码规范上看也是这样。但是不得不承认，很多时候我们会因为图一时之快而加上一些或许是重复的代码。或许一个统一的css框架和js框架可以比较好的解决我们的问题。小猪的观点很对，不仅是要做到不重复，更是要做到可重用。
第十三条、配置实体标签(ETags) (Configure ETags )
这点我也不懂，呵呵。在inforQ上找到一篇解释得比较详细的说明《使用ETags减少Web应用带宽和负载》，有兴趣的同学可以去看看。
第十四条、使 AJAX 缓存 (Make Ajax Cacheable )
ajax还要去缓存?做ajax请求的时候往往还要增加一个时间戳去避免他缓存。It’s important to remember that “asynchronous” does not imply “instantaneous”.(记住“异步”不是“瞬间”这一点很重要)。记住，即使AJAX是动态产生的而且只对一个用户起作用，他们依然可以被缓 存。
目前能做到的就是关于css方面的，拼图，压缩减少冗余，合理书写分类，让咱们css在YSlow显示都是"A"，至于服务器类的，来日方长，咱们慢慢学……只要有热情在，迟早都会学到手……
后补一下，因为现在十四条已经扩展了很多，在这篇文章上面可以看到详细的分析：
http://uicss.cn/yslow/#more-12319
在Yslow上面可以看到有23条之多，看下图：
tag: content
80% of the end-user response time is spent on the front-end. Most of this time is tied up in downloading all the components in the page: images, stylesheets, scripts, Flash, etc. Reducing the number of components in turn reduces the number of HTTP requests required to render the page. This is the key to faster pages.
One way to reduce the number of components in the page is to simplify the page's design. But is there a way to build pages with richer content while also achieving fast response times? Here are some techniques for reducing the number of HTTP requests, while still supporting rich page designs.
Combined files are a way to reduce the number of HTTP requests by combining all scripts into a single script, and similarly combining all CSS into a single stylesheet. Combining files is more challenging when the scripts and stylesheets vary from page to page, but making this part of your release process improves response times.
CSS Sprites are the preferred method for reducing the number of image requests. Combine your background images into a single image and use the CSSbackground-image and background-position properties to display the desired image segment.
Image maps combine multiple images into a single image. The overall size is about the same, but reducing the number of HTTP requests speeds up the page. Image maps only work if the images are contiguous in the page, such as a navigation bar. Defining the coordinates of image maps can be tedious and error prone. Using image maps for navigation is not accessible too, so it's not recommended.
Inline images use the data: URL scheme to embed the image data in the actual page. This can increase the size of your HTML document. Combining inline images into your (cached) stylesheets is a way to reduce HTTP requests and avoid increasing the size of your pages. Inline images are not yet supported across all major browsers.
Reducing the number of HTTP requests in your page is the place to start. This is the most important guideline for improving performance for first time visitors. As described in Tenni Theurer's blog post Browser Cache Usage - Exposed!, 40-60% of daily visitors to your site come in with an empty cache. Making your page fast for these first time visitors is key to a better user experience.
top | discuss this rule
Use a Content Delivery Networktag: server
The user's proximity to your web server has an impact on response times. Deploying your content across multiple, geographically dispersed servers will make your pages load faster from the user's perspective. But where should you start?
As a first step to implementing geographically dispersed content, don't attempt to redesign your web application to work in a distributed architecture. Depending on the application, changing the architecture could include daunting tasks such as synchronizing session state and replicating database transactions across server locations. Attempts to reduce the distance between users and your content could be delayed by, or never pass, this application architecture step.
Remember that 80-90% of the end-user response time is spent downloading all the components in the page: images, stylesheets, scripts, Flash, etc. This is thePerformance Golden Rule. Rather than starting with the difficult task of redesigning your application architecture, it's better to first disperse your static content. This not only achieves a bigger reduction in response times, but it's easier thanks to content delivery networks.
A content delivery network (CDN) is a collection of web servers distributed across multiple locations to deliver content more efficiently to users. The server selected for delivering content to a specific user is typically based on a measure of network proximity. For example, the server with the fewest network hops or the server with the quickest response time is chosen.
Some large Internet companies own their own CDN, but it's cost-effective to use a CDN service provider, such as Akamai Technologies, EdgeCast, or level3. For start-up companies and private web sites, the cost of a CDN service can be prohibitive, but as your target audience grows larger and becomes more global, a CDN is necessary to achieve fast response times. At Yahoo!, properties that moved static content off their application web servers to a CDN (both 3rd party as mentioned above as well as Yahoo’s own CDN) improved end-user response times by 20% or more. Switching to a CDN is a relatively easy code change that will dramatically improve the speed of your web site.
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Add an Expires or a Cache-Control Headertag: server
There are two aspects to this rule:
For static components: implement "Never expire" policy by setting far future Expires header For dynamic components: use an appropriate Cache-Control header to help the browser with conditional requestsWeb page designs are getting richer and richer, which means more scripts, stylesheets, images, and Flash in the page. A first-time visitor to your page may have to make several HTTP requests, but by using the Expires header you make those components cacheable. This avoids unnecessary HTTP requests on subsequent page views. Expires headers are most often used with images, but they should be used on all components including scripts, stylesheets, and Flash components.
Browsers (and proxies) use a cache to reduce the number and size of HTTP requests, making web pages load faster. A web server uses the Expires header in the HTTP response to tell the client how long a component can be cached. This is a far future Expires header, telling the browser that this response won't be stale until April 15, 2010.
Expires: Thu, 15 Apr 2010 20:00:00 GMT
If your server is Apache, use the ExpiresDefault directive to set an expiration date relative to the current date. This example of the ExpiresDefault directive sets the Expires date 10 years out from the time of the request.
ExpiresDefault "access plus 10 years"
Keep in mind, if you use a far future Expires header you have to change the component's filename whenever the component changes. At Yahoo! we often make this step part of the build process: a version number is embedded in the component's filename, for example, yahoo_2.0.6.js.
Using a far future Expires header affects page views only after a user has already visited your site. It has no effect on the number of HTTP requests when a user visits your site for the first time and the browser's cache is empty. Therefore the impact of this performance improvement depends on how often users hit your pages with a primed cache. (A "primed cache" already contains all of the components in the page.) We measured this at Yahoo! and found the number of page views with a primed cache is 75-85%. By using a far future Expires header, you increase the number of components that are cached by the browser and re-used on subsequent page views without sending a single byte over the user's Internet connection.
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Gzip Componentstag: server
The time it takes to transfer an HTTP request and response across the network can be significantly reduced by decisions made by front-end engineers. It's true that the end-user's bandwidth speed, Internet service provider, proximity to peering exchange points, etc. are beyond the control of the development team. But there are other variables that affect response times. Compression reduces response times by reducing the size of the HTTP response.
Starting with HTTP/1.1, web clients indicate support for compression with the Accept-Encoding header in the HTTP request.
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
If the web server sees this header in the request, it may compress the response using one of the methods listed by the client. The web server notifies the web client of this via the Content-Encoding header in the response.
Content-Encoding: gzip
Gzip is the most popular and effective compression method at this time. It was developed by the GNU project and standardized by RFC 1952. The only other compression format you're likely to see is deflate, but it's less effective and less popular.
Gzipping generally reduces the response size by about 70%. Approximately 90% of today's Internet traffic travels through browsers that claim to support gzip. If you use Apache, the module configuring gzip depends on your version: Apache 1.3 uses mod_gzip while Apache 2.x uses mod_deflate.
There are known issues with browsers and proxies that may cause a mismatch in what the browser expects and what it receives with regard to compressed content. Fortunately, these edge cases are dwindling as the use of older browsers drops off. The Apache modules help out by adding appropriate Vary response headers automatically.
Servers choose what to gzip based on file type, but are typically too limited in what they decide to compress. Most web sites gzip their HTML documents. It's also worthwhile to gzip your scripts and stylesheets, but many web sites miss this opportunity. In fact, it's worthwhile to compress any text response including XML and JSON. Image and PDF files should not be gzipped because they are already compressed. Trying to gzip them not only wastes CPU but can potentially increase file sizes.
Gzipping as many file types as possible is an easy way to reduce page weight and accelerate the user experience.
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Put Stylesheets at the Toptag: css
While researching performance at Yahoo!, we discovered that moving stylesheets to the document HEAD makes pages appear to be loading faster. This is because putting stylesheets in the HEAD allows the page to render progressively.
Front-end engineers that care about performance want a page to load progressively; that is, we want the browser to display whatever content it has as soon as possible. This is especially important for pages with a lot of content and for users on slower Internet connections. The importance of giving users visual feedback, such as progress indicators, has been well researched and documented. In our case the HTML page is the progress indicator! When the browser loads the page progressively the header, the navigation bar, the logo at the top, etc. all serve as visual feedback for the user who is waiting for the page. This improves the overall user experience.
The problem with putting stylesheets near the bottom of the document is that it prohibits progressive rendering in many browsers, including Internet Explorer. These browsers block rendering to avoid having to redraw elements of the page if their styles change. The user is stuck viewing a blank white page.
The HTML specification clearly states that stylesheets are to be included in the HEAD of the page: "Unlike A, [LINK] may only appear in the HEAD section of a document, although it may appear any number of times." Neither of the alternatives, the blank white screen or flash of unstyled content, are worth the risk. The optimal solution is to follow the HTML specification and load your stylesheets in the document HEAD.
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Put Scripts at the Bottomtag: javascript
The problem caused by scripts is that they block parallel downloads. The HTTP/1.1 specification suggests that browsers download no more than two components in parallel per hostname. If you serve your images from multiple hostnames, you can get more than two downloads to occur in parallel. While a script is downloading, however, the browser won't start any other downloads, even on different hostnames.
In some situations it's not easy to move scripts to the bottom. If, for example, the script uses document.write to insert part of the page's content, it can't be moved lower in the page. There might also be scoping issues. In many cases, there are ways to workaround these situations.
An alternative suggestion that often comes up is to use deferred scripts. The DEFER attribute indicates that the script does not contain document.write, and is a clue to browsers that they can continue rendering. Unfortunately, Firefox doesn't support the DEFER attribute. In Internet Explorer, the script may be deferred, but not as much as desired. If a script can be deferred, it can also be moved to the bottom of the page. That will make your web pages load faster.
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Avoid CSS Expressionstag: css
CSS expressions are a powerful (and dangerous) way to set CSS properties dynamically. They were supported in Internet Explorer starting with version 5, but were deprecated starting with IE8. As an example, the background color could be set to alternate every hour using CSS expressions:
background-color: expression( (new Date()).getHours()%2 ? "#B8D4FF" : "#F08A00" );
As shown here, the expression method accepts a JavaScript expression. The CSS property is set to the result of evaluating the JavaScript expression. Theexpression method is ignored by other browsers, so it is useful for setting properties in Internet Explorer needed to create a consistent experience across browsers.
The problem with expressions is that they are evaluated more frequently than most people expect. Not only are they evaluated when the page is rendered and resized, but also when the page is scrolled and even when the user moves the mouse over the page. Adding a counter to the CSS expression allows us to keep track of when and how often a CSS expression is evaluated. Moving the mouse around the page can easily generate more than 10,000 evaluations.
One way to reduce the number of times your CSS expression is evaluated is to use one-time expressions, where the first time the expression is evaluated it sets the style property to an explicit value, which replaces the CSS expression. If the style property must be set dynamically throughout the life of the page, using event handlers instead of CSS expressions is an alternative approach. If you must use CSS expressions, remember that they may be evaluated thousands of times and could affect the performance of your page.
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Make JavaScript and CSS Externaltag: javascript, css
Many of these performance rules deal with how external components are managed. However, before these considerations arise you should ask a more basic question: Should JavaScript and CSS be contained in external files, or inlined in the page itself?
Using external files in the real world generally produces faster pages because the JavaScript and CSS files are cached by the browser. JavaScript and CSS that are inlined in HTML documents get downloaded every time the HTML document is requested. This reduces the number of HTTP requests that are needed, but increases the size of the HTML document. On the other hand, if the JavaScript and CSS are in external files cached by the browser, the size of the HTML document is reduced without increasing the number of HTTP requests.
The key factor, then, is the frequency with which external JavaScript and CSS components are cached relative to the number of HTML documents requested. This factor, although difficult to quantify, can be gauged using various metrics. If users on your site have multiple page views per session and many of your pages re-use the same scripts and stylesheets, there is a greater potential benefit from cached external files.
Many web sites fall in the middle of these metrics. For these sites, the best solution generally is to deploy the JavaScript and CSS as external files. The only exception where inlining is preferable is with home pages, such as Yahoo!'s front page and My Yahoo!. Home pages that have few (perhaps only one) page view per session may find that inlining JavaScript and CSS results in faster end-user response times.
For front pages that are typically the first of many page views, there are techniques that leverage the reduction of HTTP requests that inlining provides, as well as the caching benefits achieved through using external files. One such technique is to inline JavaScript and CSS in the front page, but dynamically download the external files after the page has finished loading. Subsequent pages would reference the external files that should already be in the browser's cache.
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Reduce DNS Lookupstag: content
The Domain Name System (DNS) maps hostnames to IP addresses, just as phonebooks map people's names to their phone numbers. When you type www.yahoo.com into your browser, a DNS resolver contacted by the browser returns that server's IP address. DNS has a cost. It typically takes 20-120 milliseconds for DNS to lookup the IP address for a given hostname. The browser can't download anything from this hostname until the DNS lookup is completed.
DNS lookups are cached for better performance. This caching can occur on a special caching server, maintained by the user's ISP or local area network, but there is also caching that occurs on the individual user's computer. The DNS information remains in the operating system's DNS cache (the "DNS Client service" on Microsoft Windows). Most browsers have their own caches, separate from the operating system's cache. As long as the browser keeps a DNS record in its own cache, it doesn't bother the operating system with a request for the record.
Internet Explorer caches DNS lookups for 30 minutes by default, as specified by the DnsCacheTimeout registry setting. Firefox caches DNS lookups for 1 minute, controlled by the network.dnsCacheExpiration configuration setting. (Fasterfox changes this to 1 hour.)
When the client's DNS cache is empty (for both the browser and the operating system), the number of DNS lookups is equal to the number of unique hostnames in the web page. This includes the hostnames used in the page's URL, images, script files, stylesheets, Flash objects, etc. Reducing the number of unique hostnames reduces the number of DNS lookups.
Reducing the number of unique hostnames has the potential to reduce the amount of parallel downloading that takes place in the page. Avoiding DNS lookups cuts response times, but reducing parallel downloads may increase response times. My guideline is to split these components across at least two but no more than four hostnames. This results in a good compromise between reducing DNS lookups and allowing a high degree of parallel downloads.
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Minify JavaScript and CSStag: javascript, css
Minification is the practice of removing unnecessary characters from code to reduce its size thereby improving load times. When code is minified all comments are removed, as well as unneeded white space characters (space, newline, and tab). In the case of JavaScript, this improves response time performance because the size of the downloaded file is reduced. Two popular tools for minifying JavaScript code are JSMin and YUI Compressor. The YUI compressor can also minify CSS.
Obfuscation is an alternative optimization that can be applied to source code. It's more complex than minification and thus more likely to generate bugs as a result of the obfuscation step itself. In a survey of ten top U.S. web sites, minification achieved a 21% size reduction versus 25% for obfuscation. Although obfuscation has a higher size reduction, minifying JavaScript is less risky.
In addition to minifying external scripts and styles, inlined
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