Java中典型的記憶體外洩問題和解決方法

Q：在Java中怎麼可以產生記憶體外洩？
A：Java中，造成記憶體外洩的原因有很多種。典型的例子是一個沒有實作hasCode和
equals方法的Key類別在HashMap中保存的情況。最後會產生很多重複的物件。所有的記憶體洩漏
最後都會拋出OutOfMemoryError異常，以下透過一段簡短的透過無限循環模擬記憶體洩漏
的例子來說明一下。

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class MemoryLeak {

 public static void main(String[] args) {
  Map<Key, String> map = new HashMap<Key, String>(1000);

  int counter = 0;
  while (true) {
       // creates duplicate objects due to bad Key class
   map.put(new Key("dummyKey"), "value");
   counter++;
   if (counter % 1000 == 0) {
    System.out.println("map size: " + map.size());
    System.out.println("Free memory after count " + counter
      + " is " + getFreeMemory() + "MB");

    sleep(1000);
   }

    
  }
 }

 // inner class key without hashcode() or equals() -- bad implementation
 static class Key {
  private String key;

  public Key(String key) {
   this.key = key;
  }

 }

 //delay for a given period in milli seconds
 public static void sleep(long sleepFor) {
  try {
   Thread.sleep(sleepFor);
  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
   e.printStackTrace();
  }
 }

 //get available memory in MB
 public static long getFreeMemory() {
  return Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory() / (1024 * 1024);
 }

}

結果如下：

map size: 1000
Free memory after count 1000 is 4MB
map size: 2000
Free memory after count 2000 is 4MB
map size: 1396000
Free memory after count 1396000 is 2MB
map size: 1397000
Free memory after count 1397000 is 2MB
map size: 1398000
Free memory after count 1398000 is 2MB
map size: 1399000
Free memory after count 1399000 is 1MB
map size: 1400000
Free memory after count 1400000 is 1MB
map size: 1401000
Free memory after count 1401000 is 1MB
.....
.....
map size: 1452000
Free memory after count 1452000 is 0MB
map size: 1453000
Free memory after count 1453000 is 0MB
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
 at java.util.HashMap.addEntry(HashMap.java:753)
 at java.util.HashMap.put(HashMap.java:385)
 at MemoryLeak.main(MemoryLeak.java:10)

Q:怎麼解決上面的記憶體外洩？
A：實作Key類別的equals和hasCode方法。

    .....
static class Key {
 private String key;

 public Key(String key) {
  this.key = key;
 }

 
 @Override
 public boolean equals(Object obj) {

  if (obj instanceof Key)
   return key.equals(((Key) obj).key);
  else
   return false;

 }

 @Override
 public int hashCode() {
  return key.hashCode();
 }
}
.....

 重新執行程式會得到以下結果：

 map size: 1
Free memory after count 1000 is 4MB
map size: 1
Free memory after count 2000 is 4MB
map size: 1
Free memory after count 3000 is 4MB
map size: 1
Free memory after count 4000 is 4MB
...
Free memory after count 73000 is 4MB
map size: 1
Free memory after count 74000 is 4MB
map size: 1
Free memory after count 75000 is 4MB

Q：在實際場景中，你怎麼查找記憶體外洩？
A：透過以下程式碼取得執行緒ID

C:\>jps
5808 Jps
4568 MemoryLeak
3860 Main

透過命令列開啟jconsole

C:\>jconsole 4568

實現了hasCode和equals的Key類別和沒有實現的圖表如下：

沒有記憶體洩漏的：