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Query filter... Common problems when developing systems. But when starting to write code, there are many familiar questions that arise for every developer: "Where should I put this query logic? How should I manage it for ease of use?". Honestly, for every project I develop, I write in a different style based on my experience with previous projects I created. And every time I start a new project, this time I ask myself the same question, how do I arrange query filters! This article can be considered as a step-by-step development of a query filtering system, with corresponding issues.
At the time of writing this article, I am using Laravel 9 on PHP 8.1 and MySQL 8. I believe the technology stack is not a big issue, here we mainly focus on building a query filter system. In this article, I will demonstrate building a filter for the users table.
id();
$table->string('name');
$table->string('email')->unique();
$table->string('gender', 10)->nullable()->index();
$table->boolean('is_active')->default(true)->index();
$table->boolean('is_admin')->default(false)->index();
$table->timestamp('birthday')->nullable();
$table->timestamp('email_verified_at')->nullable();
$table->string('password');
$table->rememberToken();
$table->timestamps();
});
}
/**
* 回退迁移
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::dropIfExists('users');
}
}
Additionally, I use Laravel Telescope to easily monitor queries.
On my first days of learning to use Laravel, I often called filters directly on the controller. Simple, no magic, easy to understand, but there are problems with this approach:
has('name')) {
$query->where('name', 'like', "%{$request->input('name')}%");
}
if ($request->has('email')) {
$query->where('email', 'like', "%{$request->input('email')}%");
}
if ($request->has('gender')) {
$query->where('gender', $request->input('gender'));
}
if ($request->has('is_active')) {
$query->where('is_active', $request->input('is_active') ? 1 : 0);
}
if ($request->has('is_admin')) {
$query->where('is_admin', $request->input('is_admin') ? 1 : 0);
}
if ($request->has('birthday')) {
$query->whereDate('birthday', $request->input('birthday'));
}
return $query->paginate();
// select * from `users` where `name` like '%ryder%' and `email` like '%hartman%' and `gender` = 'male' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and date(`birthday`) = '2014-11-30' limit 15 offset 0
}
}
To be able to hide logic during filtering, let's try using Laravel's Local Scope. Convert the query to a function scope in the User model:
// User.php
public function scopeName(Builder $query): Builder
{
if (request()->has('name')) {
$query->where('name', 'like', "%" . request()->input('name') . "%");
}
return $query;
}
public function scopeEmail(Builder $query): Builder
{
if (request()->has('email')) {
$query->where('email', 'like', "%" . request()->input('email') . "%");
}
return $query;
}
public function scopeGender(Builder $query): Builder
{
if (request()->has('gender')) {
$query->where('gender', request()->input('gender'));
}
return $query;
}
public function scopeIsActive(Builder $query): Builder
{
if (request()->has('is_active')) {
$query->where('is_active', request()->input('is_active') ? 1 : 0);
}
return $query;
}
public function scopeIsAdmin(Builder $query): Builder
{
if (request()->has('is_admin')) {
$query->where('is_admin', request()->input('is_admin') ? 1 : 0);
}
return $query;
}
public function scopeBirthday(Builder $query): Builder
{
if (request()->has('birthday')) {
$query->where('birthday', request()->input('birthday'));
}
return $query;
}
// UserController.php
public function __invoke(Request $request)
{
// /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11
$query = User::query()
->name()
->email()
->gender()
->isActive()
->isAdmin()
->birthday();
return $query->paginate();
// select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0
}
With this setup, we move most of the database operations into the model class, but there is a lot of code duplication. Example 2 has the same name and email range filter, same gender birthday and is_active/is_admin group. We'll group similar query functions.
// User.php
public function scopeRelativeFilter(Builder $query, $inputName): Builder
{
if (request()->has($inputName)) {
$query->where($inputName, 'like', "%" . request()->input($inputName) . "%");
}
return $query;
}
public function scopeExactFilter(Builder $query, $inputName): Builder
{
if (request()->has($inputName)) {
$query->where($inputName, request()->input($inputName));
}
return $query;
}
public function scopeBooleanFilter(Builder $query, $inputName): Builder
{
if (request()->has($inputName)) {
$query->where($inputName, request()->input($inputName) ? 1 : 0);
}
return $query;
}
// UserController.php
public function __invoke(Request $request)
{
// /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11
$query = User::query()
->relativeFilter('name')
->relativeFilter('email')
->exactFilter('gender')
->booleanFilter('is_active')
->booleanFilter('is_admin')
->exactFilter('birthday');
return $query->paginate();
// select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0
}
At this point, we have grouped most of the duplicates. However, it's a bit difficult to remove the if statements or extend these filters to another model. We are looking for a way to completely resolve this issue.
The Pipeline Design Pattern is a design pattern that provides the ability to build and perform a sequence of operations step by step. Laravel has built-in Pipeline that makes it easy for us to apply this design pattern in practice, but for some reason it is not listed in the official documentation. Laravel itself also uses Pipelines as middleware between requests and responses. At its most basic, to use a Pipeline in Laravel, we can use
app(\Illuminate\Pipeline\Pipeline::class) ->send($intialData) ->through($pipes) ->thenReturn(); // data with pipes applied
For our problem, we can pass the initial query User:query() to the pipeline, through the filter step, and back to apply the filter query builder.
// UserController
public function __invoke(Request $request)
{
// /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11
$query = app(Pipeline::class)
->send(User::query())
->through([
// filters
])
->thenReturn();
return $query->paginate();
Now we need to build the pipeline filter:
// File: app/Models/Pipes/RelativeFilter.php
has($this->inputName)) {
$query->where($this->inputName, 'like', "%" . request()->input($this->inputName) . "%");
}
return $next($query);
}
}
// File: app/Models/Pipes/ExactFilter.php
has($this->inputName)) {
$query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName));
}
return $next($query);
}
}
//File: app/Models/Pipes/BooleanFilter.php
has($this->inputName)) {
$query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName) ? 1 : 0);
}
return $next($query);
}
}
// UserController
public function __invoke(Request $request)
{
// /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11
$query = app(Pipeline::class)
->send(User::query())
->through([
new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('name'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('email'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('gender'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_active'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_admin'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('birthday'),
])
->thenReturn();
return $query->paginate();
// select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0
}
By moving each query logic to a separate class, we unlock customization possibilities using OOP, including polymorphism, inheritance , encapsulation, abstraction. For example, you can see in the handle function of the pipeline that only the logic in the if statement is different. I will separate and abstract it by creating the abstract class BaseFilter
//File: app/Models/Pipes/BaseFilter.php
has($this->inputName)) {
$query = $this->apply($query);
}
return $next($query);
}
abstract protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder;
}
// BooleanFilter
class BooleanFilter extends BaseFilter
{
protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder
{
return $query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName) ? 1 : 0);
}
}
// ExactFilter
class ExactFilter extends BaseFilter
{
protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder
{
return $query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName));
}
}
// RelativeFilter
class RelativeFilter extends BaseFilter
{
protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder
{
return $query->where($this->inputName, 'like', "%" . request()->input($this->inputName) . "%");
}
}
Now our filter is intuitive and highly reusable , easy to implement or even extend, just create a pipeline, extend BaseFilter and declare the function apply to apply to Pipeline.
At this point, we will try to hide Pipeline on the controller by creating a scope in Model that calls Pipeline. Make our code more concise.
// User.php
public function scopeFilter(Builder $query)
{
$criteria = $this->filterCriteria();
return app(\Illuminate\Pipeline\Pipeline::class)
->send($query)
->through($criteria)
->thenReturn();
}
public function filterCriteria(): array
{
return [
new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('name'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('email'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('gender'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_active'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_admin'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('birthday'),
];
}
// UserController.php
public function __invoke(Request $request)
{
// /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11
return User::query()
->filter()
->paginate()
->appends($request->query()); // 将所有当前查询附加到分页链接中
// select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0
}
Users can now invoke filters from anywhere. But other models also want to implement filtering, we will create a Trait containing the scope, and declare the Pipeline involved in the filtering process inside the model.
// User.php
use App\Models\Concerns\Filterable;
class User extends Authenticatable {
use Filterable;
protected function getFilters()
{
return [
new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('name'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('email'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('gender'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_active'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_admin'),
new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('birthday'),
];
}
// 其余代码
// File: app/Models/Concerns/Filterable.php
namespace App\Models\Concerns;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
use Illuminate\Pipeline\Pipeline;
trait Filterable
{
public function scopeFilter(Builder $query)
{
$criteria = $this->filterCriteria();
return app(Pipeline::class)
->send($query)
->through($criteria)
->thenReturn();
}
public function filterCriteria(): array
{
if (method_exists($this, 'getFilters')) {
return $this->getFilters();
}
return [];
}
}
We have solved the divide and conquer problem, every file, every class, every function now has a clear responsibility. The code is also clean, intuitive and easier to reuse, isn’t it! I put the code of the entire process of this post Demo here.
The above is part of my way of building an advanced query filter system, and also introduces you to some Laravel programming methods, such as Local Scope and especially the Pipeline design pattern. To quickly and easily apply this setup to new projects, you can use the package Pipeline Query Collection, which includes a set of pre-built pipelines, making them easy to install and use. I hope you all will support me!
Original address: https://baro.rezonia.com/blog/building-a-sexy-query-filter
Translation address: https://learnku.com/ laravel/t/68762
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