Home > Article > Operation and Maintenance > What are the subsystems not included in Linux kernel management?
The subsystem not included in Linux kernel management is the "hardware management system". Computer hardware mainly includes memory, central processing unit (CPU), input/output (I/O) devices and hard disks. In Linux, hardware must be managed by different subsystems according to different types, such as CPU It belongs to the scope of the CPU management system, the memory belongs to the memory management system, and the graphics card belongs to the device management system.
#The operating environment of this tutorial: linux7.3 system, Dell G3 computer.
The subsystems mainly managed by the Linxu kernel are divided into:
(1) CPU management system: sometimes also called the process management system, its main function is to rationalize Control the CPU running time. Linux uses time-sharing to ensure that all processes can be executed. The order and priority of program execution can also be set, and specified tasks can be executed under specified times and conditions.
(2) Memory management system: Sometimes also called storage management system, it mainly manages the use of memory. Linux uses virtual storage technology, which can use hard disk space to expand memory. When the program is first executed, only virtual memory space is allocated for it. Only when the program segments and data that must be used are executed, the physical memory is transferred.
(3) File management system: mainly manages the method, location and space size of file storage. Linux uses virtual file system technology and can use a variety of file systems.
(4) Equipment management system: mainly manages external equipment. Linux divides all devices into three categories according to the characteristics of data exchange: character devices, block devices and network devices.
The subsystem not included in Linux kernel management is the "hardware management system".
The computer hardware mainly includes memory (RAM), central processing unit (CPU), input/output (I/O) devices and hard disk (Hard Disk), all of which are composed of the Linux kernel (Kernel) to manage.
Therefore, hardware must belong to different subsystem management according to different types. For example, the CPU belongs to the CPU management system, the memory belongs to the memory management system, and the graphics card belongs to the device management system.
The operating system allows the computer hardware to work accurately. It can be said that the operating system is the kernel and the interface tools it provides. The relationship between them is shown in the figure below.
lspci [Parameter]
| Function | |
|---|---|
| Generate machine-readable output (a single -m indicates obsolete format) | |
| Display bus tree |
| Function | |
|---|---|
| Redundancy (-vv or -vvv for higher redundancy) | |
| Display the kernel driver handling each device | |
| Display a hex dump of the standard portion of the configuration space | |
| Shows a hex dump of the entire configuration space (dangerous; root only) | |
| Display hex dump of 4096 bytes extended configuration space (root only) | |
| Bus Center View ( Address and IRQ seen by the bus) | |
| Always display domain name | |
| In addition to the bus and device numbers, the bridge path is also displayed | |
| In addition to the bus and device numbers, the bus path is also displayed |
| Function | |
|---|---|
| Display numeric ID | |
| Display text and numeric ID (name and number) | |
| Query the unknown ID in the PCI ID database through DNS | |
| Same as above , but re-query the locally cached entries | |
| Query all IDs in the PCI ID database via DNS |
| Parameters | Function |
|---|---|
| -s[ [[[]:]]:][][.[]] | Show only devices in selected slots |
| -d[]:[] [:] | Show only devices with specified ID |
Other options:
| Parameters | Function |
|---|---|
| -i | Use the specified ID database instead of /usr/share/hwdata/pci. ids |
| -p | looks for kernel modules in the given file instead of the default mode.pcimap |
| -M | Enable "Bus Mapping" mode (dangerous; root only) |
PCI Access Options:
| Parameters | Function |
|---|---|
| -A | Use the specified PCI access method (for a list, see "- A help") |
| -O= | Set PCI access parameters (see "-O help" for a list) |
| -G | Enable PCI access debugging |
| -H> | Use direct hardware access (=1 or 2) |
| -F | Read PCI configuration dump from the given file |
example:
lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX - 82443BX/ZX/DX Host bridge (rev 01) # 集成主板设备的类型 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX - 82443BX/ZX/DX AGP bridge (rev 01) 00:07.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ISA (rev 08) 00:07.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev 01) 00:07.3 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 08) 00:07.7 System peripheral: VMware Virtual Machine Communication Interface (rev 10) 00:0f.0 VGA compatible controller: VMware SVGA II Adapter # VGA 显卡设备 00:1b.0 Class 0403: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) High Definition Audio Controller (rev 01) # Intel 声卡设备。 00:10.0 SCSI storage controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic 53c1030 PCI-X Fusion-MPT Dual Ultra320 SCSI (rev 01) 00:11.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI bridge (rev 02) 00:15.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01) 00:15.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01) ......省略部分内容 02:00.0 USB controller: VMware USB1.1 UHCI Controller # USB 接口设备 02:01.0 USB controller: VMware USB2 EHCI Controller 02:02.0 SATA controller: VMware SATA AHCI controller # SATA 控制器，表明系统是 SATA 系列硬盘 03:00.0 Ethernet controller: VMware VMXNET3 Ethernet Controller (rev 01) # 百兆网卡设备
There is a corresponding relationship between siblings and cpu cores values. If siblings is twice the cpu cores, It means that the system supports hyper-threading and hyper-threading is turned on; if the siblings and cpu cores are consistent, it means that the system does not support hyper-threading or hyper-threading is not turned on
cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 # 逻辑处理器的唯一标识符 vendor_id : GenuineIntel # 处理器类型 cpu family : 6 model : 85 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Silver 4214R CPU @ 2.40GHz # cpu 的名称，型号，主频 stepping : 7 # 位于相同物理封装中的逻辑处理器的数量 microcode : 0x5003302 cpu MHz : 2394.374 cache size : 16896 KB physical id : 0 # 物理封装的唯一标识符 siblings : 2 # 单 cpu 的逻辑核数 core id : 0 # 每个内核的唯一标识符 cpu cores : 2 # 位于相同物理封装中的内核数量 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 22 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves arat pku ospke avx512_vnni md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities bugs : spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass bogomips : 4788.74 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management:
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "physical id" | uniq | wc -l
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "cpu cores" | uniq
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "processor" | wc -l
View system memory information
cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 24656144 kB # 系统的物理内存 MemFree: 20415000 kB # 物理内存 MemAvailable: 23038032 kB Buffers: 194668 kB # 缓冲区 Cached: 2575064 kB # 缓存 SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 1785688 kB Inactive: 1789328 kB Active(anon): 795436 kB Inactive(anon): 18024 kB Active(file): 990252 kB Inactive(file): 1771304 kB ......省略部分内容
View disk partition information
fdisk -l Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0xfa430a69 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/nvme0n1p1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux /dev/nvme0n1p2 2099200 209715199 207616000 99G 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/cs-root: 65.2 GiB, 69960990720 bytes, 136642560 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/cs-swap: 2 GiB, 2176843776 bytes, 4251648 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/cs-home: 31.8 GiB, 34158411776 bytes, 66715648 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesRelated recommendations: "
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