The full name of tcp/ip is "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol", which means "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol" in Chinese. The TCP/IP protocol not only refers to the two protocols TCP and IP, but also refers to a protocol cluster composed of FTP, SMTP, TCP, UDP, IP and other protocols, just because in the TCP/IP protocol, the TCP protocol and the IP protocol The most representative, so it is called TCP/IP protocol.
The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.
TCP / IP introduction
The full name of tcp/ip is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which refers to A protocol suite that enables information transmission between multiple different networks.
TCP/IP protocol not only refers to the two protocols TCP and IP, but also refers to a protocol cluster composed of FTP, SMTP, TCP, UDP, IP and other protocols, just because in the TCP/IP protocol Among them, TCP protocol and IP protocol are the most representative, so they are called TCP/IP protocol.
Features:
The TCP/IP protocol can develop rapidly and become the de facto standard because it just adapts to the world In-range data communication needs. It has the following characteristics:
(1) The protocol standard is completely open, can be used by users for free, and is independent of specific computer hardware and operating systems.
(2) It is independent of the network hardware system, can run on the wide area network, and is more suitable for the Internet.
(3) Network addresses are uniformly allocated, and each device and terminal in the network has a unique address.
(4) High-level protocol standardization can provide a variety of reliable network services.
TCP/IP four-layer architecture
TCP/IP transmission protocol, namely transmission control/network protocol, also called network communication protocol. It is the most basic communication protocol used in networks. The TCP/IP transport protocol stipulates the standards and methods for communication between various parts of the Internet. Moreover, TCP/IP transmission protocols are two important protocols that ensure timely and complete transmission of network data information. The TCP/IP transmission protocol is strictly a four-layer architecture, including the application layer, transport layer, network layer and data link layer.
In the TCP/IP protocol, the network interface layer is located on the fourth layer. Since the network interface layer merges the physical layer and the data link layer, the network interface layer is not only the physical medium for transmitting data, but also provides an accurate line for the network layer.
The physical layer defines some characteristics related to the interface of the transmission media, namely mechanical characteristics, electrical characteristics, functional characteristics, process characteristics, and needs to complete the conversion between parallel transmission and serial transmission.
The data link layer provides transparent and reliable data transmission services to users of this layer. Transparency means that there are no restrictions on the content, format and encoding of data transmitted on this layer, and there is no need to explain the meaning of the information structure; reliability means that during the transmission process, the physical connections that may be faulty provided by the physical layer are transformed into logical The specific methods of error-free data links include frame synchronization, error control, flow control, and link management.
The main broadband access technologies in the physical layer include CD protocol, Ethernet 802.3.
2. Internet layerThe main protocols in the Internet layer include IP protocol, Address Resolution Protocol ARP and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP, and Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP.
The IP protocol is the core of the Internet layer. Through routing, the next hop IP is encapsulated and handed over to the network interface layer. IP datagrams are a connectionless service.
ICMP is a supplement to the Internet layer and can send back messages. Used to check whether the network is smooth (use the ping command).
ARP is to find the MAC address of the host through a known IP.
RARP determines the IP address through the MAC address.
3. Transport layerThe main protocols in the transport layer are User Datagram Protocol UDP and Transmission Control Protocol TCP
The application layer provides applications for users.
The main protocols in the application layer include Domain Name System DNS, File Transfer Protocol FTP, Remote Terminal Protocol TELNET, Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP, Mail Reading Protocol POP3 and IMAP, and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP, Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP.
DNS: Provided Domain name resolution service, providing conversion between domain names and IP addresses, using port 53
FTP: transferring files between any computers in heterogeneous networks, using port 21
TELNET: providing users Remote login service, using port 23, using clear code transmission, poor confidentiality, simple and convenient
HTTP: used to realize various links on the World Wide Web, that is, the connection between the World Wide Web client program and the World Wide Web server, using port 80
SMTP/POP3, IMAP: Provides email transmission and is used to control the sending and transfer of letters. /Read mail from the mail server.
DHCP: Automatically assign IP addresses to computers newly added to the network.
SNMP: Managing software and hardware platforms produced by many manufacturers on the Internet
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