The Chinese name of CPU is central processing unit, also known as central processing unit and microprocessor; it is the computing and control core of the computer system and the final execution unit for information processing and program running. Its main functions are It is the interpretation of computer instructions and the processing of data in computer software. The CPU mainly consists of two parts, namely the controller and the arithmetic unit, which also include cache memory and the data and control bus that realize the connection between them.
The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.
The Chinese name of CPU is Central Processing Unit, also known as central processing unit and microprocessor; it is generally composed of logical operation unit, control unit and storage unit.
CPU, as the computing and control core of the computer system, is the final execution unit for information processing and program execution. Since its creation, CPU has made great progress in logical structure, operating efficiency and function extension.
Central processing unit (CPU) is one of the main devices of an electronic computer and a core accessory in the computer. Its function is mainly to interpret computer instructions and process data in computer software. The CPU is the core component of the computer that reads instructions, decodes them, and executes them. The central processing unit mainly consists of two parts, namely the controller and the arithmetic unit, which also include cache memory and the data and control bus that realize the connection between them. The three core components of an electronic computer are the CPU, internal memory, and input/output devices. The main functions of the central processing unit are to process instructions, perform operations, control time, and process data.
In computer architecture, the CPU is the core hardware unit that controls and allocates all hardware resources of the computer (such as memory, input and output units) and performs general operations. The CPU is the computing and control core of the computer. The operations of all software layers in the computer system will eventually be mapped to CPU operations through the instruction set.
Working Principle
The von Neumann architecture is the foundation of modern computers. Under this architecture, programs and data are stored uniformly. Instructions and data need to be accessed from the same storage space and transmitted through the same bus, and cannot be executed overlappingly. According to the von Neumann system, the work of the CPU is divided into the following five stages: instruction fetch stage, instruction decoding stage, instruction execution stage, memory access and result write back.
Instruction fetch (IF, instruction fetch) is the process of fetching an instruction from the main memory to the instruction register. The value in the program counter indicates the location of the current instruction in main memory. When an instruction is fetched, the value in the program counter (PC) is automatically incremented according to the instruction word length.
Instruction decoding stage (ID, instruction decode), after fetching the instruction, the instruction decoder splits and interprets the fetched instruction according to the predetermined instruction format, and identifies and distinguishes it. Different instruction categories and various methods of obtaining operands are presented. Modern CISC processors use splitting to improve parallelism and efficiency.
Execution instruction phase (EX, execute), specifically implements the function of the instruction. Different parts of the CPU are connected to perform the required operations.
Access and access phase (MEM, memory), according to the instruction needs to access the main memory and read the operand, the CPU gets the address of the operand in the main memory, and reads the operand from the main memory The operand is read in and used for operation. Some instructions do not require access to main memory, so this stage can be skipped.
Result write back stage (WB, write back), as the last stage, the result write back stage "writes back" the running result data of the execution instruction stage to some storage form. The result data is generally written to the internal register of the CPU so that it can be quickly accessed by subsequent instructions; many instructions also change the status of the flag bits in the program status word register. These flag bits identify different operation results and can be Used to affect program actions.
After the instruction is executed and the result data is written back, if no unexpected events (such as result overflow, etc.) occur, the computer will obtain the next instruction address from the program counter and start a new cycle. The instruction cycle will fetch the next instruction sequentially. Many complex CPUs can fetch multiple instructions at once, decode them, and execute them simultaneously.
The main performance indicators of the CPU are:
The main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU (CPU Clock Speed). This is what we are most concerned about. What we call 233, 300, etc. refers to it. Generally speaking, the higher the main frequency, the faster the CPU and the higher the overall machine.
The clock frequency is the external clock frequency of the CPU, which is provided by the computer motherboard. It used to be 66MHz, but some motherboards support 75 and 83MHz. Currently, Intel's latest chipset BX uses a clock frequency of 100MHz. In addition, some non-Intel chipsets such as VIA's MVP3 and MVP4 have also begun to support 100MHz FSB. Elite's BX motherboard can even support 133MHz FSB, which is the first choice for overclockers.
Internal cache (L1 Cache): A cache enclosed inside the CPU chip. It is used to temporarily store some instructions and data during CPU operation. The access speed is consistent with the CPU frequency. The capacity unit of the L1 cache is generally KB. The larger the L1 cache, the fewer times the CPU exchanges data with the slower L2 cache and memory during operation, which can increase the computing speed of the computer.
External cache (L2 Cache): A cache external to the CPU. The L2 of the PentiumPro processor runs at the same frequency as the CPU, but it is expensive, so the Pentium II runs at half the CPU frequency. The capacity is 512K. In order to reduce costs, Inter Corporation has produced a CPU without L2 named Celeron, which has good performance and is ideal for overclocking.
MMX technology is the abbreviation of "Multimedia Extension Instruction Set". MMX is a new technology adopted by Intel in 1996 to enhance Pentium CPU in audiovisual, graphics and communication applications. 57 MMX instructions are added to the CPU. In addition to adding MMX instructions to the instruction set, the L1 cache in the CPU chip is increased from the original 16KB to 32KB (16K instructions and 16K data). Therefore, the MMX CPU contains MMX instructions when running more than ordinary CPUs. When running the program, the ability to handle multimedia is improved by about 60%. At present, CPUs basically have MMX technology. In addition to P55C and Pentium II CPUs, there are also K6, K6 3D, MII, etc.
Manufacturing process: The current CPU manufacturing process is 0.35 micron, the latest PII can reach 0.28 micron, and the CPU manufacturing process in the future can reach 0.18 micron.
CPU manufacturers
1.Intel Company
Intel is the big brother in producing CPUs. It occupies more than 80% of the market share. Intel produces The CPU has become the de facto x86CPU technical specification and standard. The latest PII becomes the CPU of choice.
2.AMD Company
CPUs currently used include products from several companies. In addition to Intel, the most powerful challenger is AMD. The latest K6 and K6-2 have very Good value for money, especially the K6-2 uses 3DNOW technology, which makes it perform very well in 3D.
3.IBM and Cyrix
After the merger of IBM and Cyrix, the National Semiconductor Company of the United States, it finally has its own chip production line, and its finished products will become increasingly complete and complete. The current MII performance is also good, especially its price is very low.
4.IDT Company
IDT is a rising star among processor manufacturers, but it is not yet mature yet.
5.VIA VIA Company
VIA VIA is a motherboard chipset manufacturer in Taiwan. It acquired the CPU departments of the aforementioned Cyrix and IDT and launched its own CPU
6 .Domestic Godson
GodSon, also known as Gou Sheng, is a state-owned general-purpose processor with independent property rights. It currently has two generations of products and can only catch up with the INTEL company's P2 era
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