The full name of 5g is "5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology", which means "fifth generation mobile communication technology" in Chinese. It is a new generation of broadband mobile communication technology with the characteristics of high speed, low delay and large connection. 5G Communication facilities are network infrastructure that realize the interconnection of humans, machines and things. 5G should not only solve communication between people, but also solve communication problems between people and things, and things and things, and meet the needs of IoT applications such as mobile medical care, Internet of Vehicles, smart homes, industrial control, and environmental monitoring.
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The 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G for short) is a new generation of broadband mobile communication technology with the characteristics of high speed, low latency and large connections. 5G communication facilities are the key to realizing the realization of human, machine and physical objects. Internet network infrastructure. The technology is designed to greatly increase the speed and responsiveness of wireless networks.
With 5G, data transmitted over wireless broadband connections can be transmitted at multi-gigabit speeds, with potential peak speeds estimated to be as high as 20 gigabits per second (Gbps). These speeds exceed wired network speeds and provide latencies of 1 millisecond (ms) or less, which is useful for applications that require real-time feedback.
Mobile communications continue the development pattern of one generation of technology per decade and have experienced the development of 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. Every generational jump and every technological advancement has greatly promoted industrial upgrading and economic and social development. From 1G to 2G, the transition from analog communication to digital communication was realized, and mobile communications entered thousands of households; from 2G to 3G and 4G, the transition from voice services to data services was realized, and the transmission rate was increased hundreds of times, promoting the development of mobile The popularity and prosperity of Internet applications. At present, mobile networks have been integrated into all aspects of social life, profoundly changing people's communication, communication and even the entire lifestyle. The 4G network has created a prosperous Internet economy and solved the problem of people communicating anytime and anywhere. With the rapid development of the mobile Internet, new services and new businesses are constantly emerging, and mobile data business traffic is growing explosively. The 4G mobile communication system cannot meet the needs of the future. The skyrocketing demand for mobile data traffic necessitates the development of next-generation mobile communications (5G) systems.
As a new type of mobile communication network, 5G not only solves the problem of communication between people, but also provides users with more immersive and ultimate business experiences such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and ultra-high-definition (3D) video. It is necessary to solve the communication problems between people and things, and between things and things, and meet the needs of IoT applications such as mobile medical care, Internet of Vehicles, smart homes, industrial control, and environmental monitoring. Eventually, 5G will penetrate into all industries and fields of the economy and society, becoming a key new infrastructure that supports the digital, networked, and intelligent transformation of the economy and society.
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has defined three major application scenarios for 5G, namely enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (uRLLC) and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) is mainly aimed at the explosive growth of mobile Internet traffic and provides mobile Internet users with a more extreme application experience; ultra-high reliability and low latency communication (uRLLC) is mainly aimed at industrial control, telemedicine, autonomous driving, etc. and vertical industry application needs with extremely high requirements on reliability; Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) is mainly oriented to application needs targeting sensing and data collection such as smart cities, smart homes, and environmental monitoring.
In order to meet the diverse application scenarios of 5G, the key performance indicators of 5G are more diversified. ITU has defined eight key performance indicators of 5G. Among them, high speed, low latency, and large connections have become the most prominent features of 5G. The user experience rate reaches 1Gbps, the latency is as low as 1ms, and the user connection capability reaches 1 million connections/square kilometer.
How does 5G work?
A wireless network consists of cell sites divided into sectors that send data over radio waves. Fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless technology lays the foundation for 5G. Unlike 4G, which required large, high-powered cell towers to radiate signals over longer distances, 5G wireless signals are transmitted through large numbers of small cell sites located in places like light poles or building rooftops. Using multiple small cells is necessary because millimeter wave (MM wave) spectrum — the band of spectrum between 30 and 300 gigahertz (Ghz) that 5G relies on to produce high speeds — can only travel over short distances and is limited due to interference from weather and physical obstructions such as buildings or trees.
Previous generations of wireless technology used spectrum in lower frequency bands. To offset challenges related to distance and MM wave interference, the wireless industry is also considering using lower-frequency spectrum for 5G networks so that network operators can use the spectrum they already own to build their new networks. Low-frequency spectrum travels farther, but at lower speeds and capacity than MM waves.
The low-band wireless spectrum consists of low-band and mid-band frequencies. The low-band operates at about 600 to 700 megahertz (MHz), while the mid-band operates at about 2.5 to 3.5 GHz.
MM wave signals are easily blocked by objects such as trees, walls, and buildings - meaning that, in most cases, MM waves can only cover cell sites or Approximately one city block within direct line of sight of the node. Different methods have been solved on how to solve this problem. For example, use multiple nodes around each block in a densely populated area so that 5G-enabled devices can use the air interface — switching from one node to another while maintaining MM wave speeds.
Another approach (more feasible) is to use a combination of high, mid and low band frequencies. MM waves can be used in densely populated areas, while low-band and mid-band nodes can be used in less populated areas. Low-band frequencies can travel longer and through different objects. A single low-band 5G node can stay connected to 5G-enabled devices for hundreds of square miles. This means that the implementation of all three frequency bands will provide comprehensive coverage while delivering the fastest speeds in the most heavily trafficked areas.
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