Take you step by step to implement 3D dice using CSS Flex and Grid layout (with code)

In front-end interviews, we are often asked how to use CSS to implement dice/mahjong layout. The following article will introduce to you how to use CSS to create a 3D dice (Flex and Grid layout implement 3D dice). I hope it will be helpful to you!

You can learn from this article:

• Use transform to realize 3D shapes;
• Implement rotation animation for 3D dice;
• Use Flex layout to implement dice layout;
• Use Grid layout to implement dice layout. [Recommended learning: css video tutorial]

1. Use Flex layout to implement six sides

First, define the HTML structure of the six sides of the dice:

<div class="dice-box">
  <div class="dice first-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="dice second-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="dice third-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="dice fourth-face">
    <div class="column">
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
    </div>
    <div class="column">
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="fifth-face dice">
    <div class="column">
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
    </div>
    <div class="column">
      <span class="dot"></span>
    </div>
    <div class="column">
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="dice sixth-face">
    <div class="column">
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
    </div>
    <div class="column">
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
      <span class="dot"></span>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Let’s implement the basic style of each surface and each point:

.dice {
  width: 200px;  
  height: 200px;  
  padding: 20px;  
  background-color: tomato;
  border-radius: 10%;
}
 
.dot {
   display: inline-block;
   width: 50px;
   height: 50px;
   border-radius: 50%;
   background-color: white;
}

The effect is as follows:

(1 ) A point

HTML structure is as follows:

<div class="dice first-face">
  <span class="dot"></span>
</div>

To implement the first face, you only need to center it horizontally and vertically:

• justify- content:center: Aligns the point with the center of the main axis (horizontal).
• align-items:center: Align the point with the center of the cross axis (vertical).

The code is implemented as follows:

.first-face {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

Now the first side is like this:

(2) Two points

HTML structure is as follows:

<div class="dice second-face">
  <span class="dot"></span>
  <span class="dot"></span>
</div>

First set the parent element of the second side to flex layout and add the following attributes:

justify-content: space-between: Place child elements at the beginning and end of the flex container.

.second-face {
   display: flex;
   justify-content : space-between;
}

The current point position is as follows:

At this time, the first point is in the correct position: the upper left corner. And the second point needs to be in the lower right corner. So, let's use the align-self property to individually adjust the position of the second point:

align-self: flex-end: Align the item to the end of the Flex container.

.second-face .dot:nth-of-type(2) {
 align-self: flex-end;
}

Now the second side looks like this:

(3) Three dots

The HTML structure is as follows:

<div class="dice third-face">
  <span class="dot"></span>
  <span class="dot"></span>
  <span class="dot"></span>
</div>

The third side can be achieved by placing another center point on the second side.

• align-self: flex-end: Align items to the end of the Flex container.
• align-self: center: Align items to the middle of the Flex container.

.third-face {
 display: flex;
  justify-content : space-between;
}
 
.third-face .dot:nth-of-type(2) {
 align-self: center;
}
 
.third-face .dot:nth-of-type(3) {
 align-self: flex-end;
}

Now the third side looks like this:

If you want the first point to be in the upper right corner and the third point to be in the lower left corner corner, you can change the align-self of the first point to flex-end, the second point remains unchanged, and the third point does not need to be set. The default is on the far left:

.third-face {
 display: flex;
  justify-content : space-between;
}
 
.third-face .dot:nth-of-type(1) {
 align-self :flex-end;
}
 
.third-face .dot:nth-of-type(2) {
 align-self :center;
}

Now the third side is Like this:

(4) Four points

HTML structure is as follows:

<div class="dice fourth-face">
  <div class="column">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="column">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
</div>

In the face of four points, you can Divide it into two rows with two columns each. One row will be at flex-start and the other row will be at flex-end . And add justify-content: space-between to place it on the left and right side of the dice.

.fourth-face {
 display: flex;
 justify-content: space-between
}

Next, you need to layout the two column points respectively:

• Set the column to flex layout;
• Set flex-direction to column so that the Points are placed vertically
• Set justify-content to space-between, it will make the first point at the top and the second point at the bottom.

.fourth-face .column {
 display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

Now the fourth side looks like this:

(5) Five points

The HTML structure is as follows:

<div class="fifth-face dice">
  <div class="column">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="column">
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="column">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
</div>

The difference between the fifth side and the fourth side is that there is an extra dot in the middle. Therefore, you can add a column in the middle based on the fourth side. The style is as follows:

.fifth-face {
 display: flex;
 justify-content: space-between
}
 
.fifth-face .column {
 display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

Now the fifth side looks like this:

You also need to correct To adjust the middle point, you can set justify-content to center to center it vertically:

.fifth-face .column:nth-of-type(2) {
 justify-content: center;
}

Now the fifth side looks like this:

(6 ) Six points

HTML structure is as follows:

<div class="dice sixth-face">
  <div class="column">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="column">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
</div>

The layout of the sixth side is almost exactly the same as the fourth one, except that each column has one more element. The layout is implemented as follows:

.sixth-face {
 display: flex;
 justify-content: space-between
}
  
.sixth-face .column {
 display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

Now the sixth side is like this:

2. 使用 Grid 布局实现六个面

骰子每个面其实可以想象成一个 3 x 3 的网格，其中每个单元格代表一个点的位置：

+---+---+---+
| a | b | c |
+---+---+---+
| d | e | f |
+---+---+---+
| g | h | i |
+---+---+---+

要创建一个 3 x 3 的网格，只需要设置一个容器元素，并且设置三个大小相同的行和列：

.dice {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
}

这里的 fr 单位允许将行或列的大小设置为网格容器可用空间的一部分，这上面的例子中，我们需要三分之一的可用空间，所以设置了 1fr 三次。

我们还可以使用 repeat(3, 1fr) 将 1fr 重复 3 次，来代替 1fr 1fr 1fr。还可以使用定义行/列的grid-template速记属性将上述代码进行简化：

.dice {
    display: grid;
    grid-template: repeat(3, 1fr) / repeat(3, 1fr);
}

每个面所需要定义的 HTML 就像是这样：

<div class="dice">
  <span class="dot"></span>
  <span class="dot"></span>
  <span class="dot"></span>
  <span class="dot"></span>
</div>

所有的点将自动放置在每个单元格中，从左到右：

现在我们需要为每个骰子值定位点数。开始时我们提到，可以将每个面分成 3 x 3 的表格，但是这些表格并不是每一个都是我们需要的，分析骰子的六个面，可以发现，我们只需要以下七个位置的点：

+---+---+---+
| a |   | c |
+---+---+---+
| e | g | f |
+---+---+---+
| d |   | b |
+---+---+---+

我们可以使用grid-template-areas属性将此布局转换为 CSS：

.dice {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-areas:
    "a . c"
    "e g f"
    "d . b";
}

因此，我们可以不使用传统的单位来调整行和列的大小，而只需使用名称来引用每个单元格。其语法本身提供了网格结构的可视化，名称由网格项的网格区域属性定义。中间列中的点表示一个空单元格。

下面来使用grid-area属性为网格项命名，然后，网格模板可以通过其名称引用该项目，以将其放置在网格中的特定区域中。:nth-child()伪选择器允许单独定位每个点。

.dot:nth-child(2) {
    grid-area: b;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(3) {
    grid-area: c;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(4) {
    grid-area: d;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(5) {
    grid-area: e;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(6) {
    grid-area: f;
}

现在六个面的样式如下：

可以看到，1、3、5的布局仍然是不正确的，只需要重新定位每个骰子的最后一个点即可：

.dot:nth-child(odd):last-child {
    grid-area: g;
}

这时所有点的位置都正确了：

对于上面的 CSS，对应的 HTML分别是父级为一个p标签，该面有几个点，子级就有几个span标签。代码如下：

<div class="dice-box">
  <div class="dice first-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="dice second-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="dice third-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="dice fourth-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="fifth-face dice">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
  <div class="dice sixth-face">
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
    <span class="dot"></span>
  </div>
</div>

整体的 CSS 代码如下：

.dice {
  width: 200px;  
  height: 200px;  
  padding: 20px;  
  background-color: tomato;
  border-radius: 10%;
  display: grid;
  grid-template: repeat(3, 1fr) / repeat(3, 1fr);
  grid-template-areas:
    "a . c"
    "e g f"
    "d . b";
}
 
.dot {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: white;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(2) {
  grid-area: b;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(3) {
  grid-area: c;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(4) {
  grid-area: d;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(5) {
  grid-area: e;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(6) {
  grid-area: f;
}
 
.dot:nth-child(odd):last-child {
  grid-area: g;
}

3. 实现 3D 骰子

上面我们分别使用 Flex 和 Grid 布局实现了骰子的六个面，下面来这将六个面组合成一个正方体。

首先对六个面进行一些样式修改：

.dice {
  width: 200px;  
  height: 200px;  
  padding: 20px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  opacity: 0.7;
  background-color: tomato;
  position: absolute;
}

定义它们的父元素：

.dice-box {
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
  position: relative;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
  transform: rotateY(185deg) rotateX(150deg) rotateZ(315deg);
}

其中，transform-style: preserve-3d;表示所有子元素在3D空间中呈现。这里的transform 的角度不重要，主要是便于后面查看。

此时六个面的这样的：

看起来有点奇怪，所有面都叠加在一起。不要急，我们来一个个调整位置。

首先将第一个面在 Z 轴移动 100px：

.first-face {
  transform: translateZ(100px);
}

第一面就到了所有面的上方：

因为每个面的宽高都是 200px，所以将第六面沿 Z 轴向下调整 100px：

.sixth-face {
  transform: translateZ(-100px);
}

第六面就到了所有面的下方：

下面来调整第二面，将其在X轴向后移动 100px，并沿着 Y 轴旋转 -90 度：

.second-face {
  transform: translateX(-100px) rotateY(-90deg);
}

此时六个面是这样的：

下面来调整第二面的对面：第五面，将其沿 X 轴的正方向移动 100px，并沿着 Y 轴方向选择 90 度：

.fifth-face {
  transform: translateX(100px) rotateY(90deg);
}

此时六个面是这样的：

下面来调整第三面，道理同上：

.third-face {
  transform: translateY(100px) rotateX(90deg);
}

此时六个面是这样的：

最后来调整第五面：

.fourth-face {
  transform: translateY(-100px) rotateX(90deg);
}

此时六个面就组成了一个完整的正方体：

下面来为这个骰子设置一个动画，让它转起来：

@keyframes rotate {
  from {
    transform: rotateY(0) rotateX(45deg) rotateZ(45deg);
  }
  to {
    transform: rotateY(360deg) rotateX(45deg) rotateZ(45deg);
  }
}
 
.dice-box {
  animation: rotate 5s linear infinite;
}

最终的效果如下：

在线体验：

3D 骰子-Flex：https://codepen.io/cugergz/pen/jOzYGyV

3D 骰子-Grid：https://codepen.io/cugergz/pen/GROMgEe

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