Components on the motherboard: 1. BIOS chip, which stores the most basic instructions for controlling the motherboard; 2. I/O chip, which is responsible for input and output and can provide support for keyboard, mouse, serial port, and parallel port; 3. , The CPU socket is where the processor is installed on the motherboard and is the most important part of the motherboard; 4. The memory slot is where the memory is installed on the motherboard; 5. The Northbridge chip can be used to control the memory, processor, Display card; 6. Southbridge chip, which can control hard disk, PCI bus and equipment, provide temperature monitoring, energy control and other functions; 7. Clock chip.
The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.
Motherboard, also called mainboard, systemboard, or motherboard, is one of the most basic and important components of the computer. The motherboard is generally a rectangular circuit board, on which are installed the main circuit systems that make up the computer. Generally, there are BIOS chips, I/O control chips, keyboard and panel control switch interfaces, indicator light connectors, expansion slots, motherboards and plug-in cards. DC power supply connectors and other components.
Computer motherboard consists of various parts
1. ISA slot:
is used to connect Some ISA interface devices, the bus technology used by these devices is called ISA bus. This bus speed is very slow. This kind of planning has a long history. There were ISA slots in computers in the 286 era or even earlier. Still in use today. Nowadays, ISA interface devices are rare.
2. PCI slot:
Of course, it is used for inserting PCI cards. PCI cards are a relatively popular interface technology now. The speed is relatively fast and can reach 33MHZ/S, it is the best for connecting some sound cards, network cards, and TV cards. Because there are many PCI interface cards now, the most numerous PCI slots on the motherboard are usually 2-6.
3. Temperature monitoring chip:
can provide temperature tests for the processor, motherboard, and AGP card, and present the data to the user, making it clear at a glance. Because many motherboard chipsets now have integrated temperature monitoring functions.
4. BIOS chip:
Some friends like to call it CMOS (CMOS is a production process), which stores the most basic instructions for controlling the motherboard, including various Initialization, control, startup of equipment, etc. At the same time, if you want to use new hardware devices, updating the BIOS content means updating the instruction set in the chip to support your newly added devices.
5. I/O chip
is called an I/O chip because it is responsible for inputting INPUT and outputting OUTPUT. This chip can provide Keyboard, mouse, serial port, parallel port support. The south bridge chips of some motherboards have integrated I/O functions, so you will not see the I/O controller on some VIA694X, KX, and KT motherboards.
6. Switching power tube:
It can be controlled by electrical signals and has two states of on and off, so it can provide voltages with different values, so in It can often be found near the processor and can provide different voltage values for different processors to ensure that the processor operates stably.
7. Parallel port and serial port:
Parallel port and serial port are used to connect external devices. For example, parallel port is commonly used to connect printers, and serial port is most commonly used to connect external devices. MODEM or handwritten version or something like that.
8. USB interface:
In addition to the advantages of fast speed, good compatibility, can connect multiple devices, and can provide 5V power supply, this interface has the largest The advantage is that it can be plugged in or out while the computer is working, that is, hot plug technology, so it is very convenient. For this reason, more and more devices are beginning to use USB interfaces to connect, such as cameras that can be seen on the market, Digital cameras, MP3 players, scanners, printers, etc. all use USB ports to connect.
The USB interface can obtain 500mA current from the motherboard, supports hot-swap, and is truly plug-and-play. A USB interface can support access to both high-speed and low-speed USB peripherals and is connected by a four-core cable, two of which are positive and negative power supplies, and the other two are data transmission lines. The transmission rate of high-speed peripherals is 12Mbps, and the transmission rate of low-speed peripherals is 1.5Mbps. In addition, the USB 2.0 standard has a maximum transfer rate of up to 480Mbps. USB 3.0 has appeared and become popular in motherboards
9. Circuit board
The circuit board is the carrying component for all components of the computer motherboard. It generally uses a four-layer board or a six-layer board. Low-end motherboards are mostly four-layer boards, with four circuits: main signal layer, ground layer, power layer, and secondary signal layer. Six-layer boards add an auxiliary power layer and a medium signal layer. Therefore, a six-layer PCB motherboard is more resistant to electromagnetic interference and the motherboard is more stable.
10. Capacitor:
Stabilize the voltage and clean up the electricity.
11. CPU socket:
The CPU socket is where the processor is installed on the motherboard. It is the most important part of the motherboard and has many models.
12. Memory slot:
The memory slot is generally located under the CPU socket and is where memory is installed on the motherboard. Common memory slots are SDRAM memory and DDR memory slots. Different memory slots cannot be used interchangeably.
13. FDC floppy drive socket
is used to connect floppy drives. It is basically no longer available on current motherboards.
14. Chipset Northbridge:
The two largest chips on the motherboard are the chipset of the motherboard. This piece is the Northbridge. The function of the Northbridge chip is to control Memory, processor, and graphics card all play a very important role. The key to a motherboard’s technological content, technical indicators, and performance lies in this chip. It can be said that the chipset is the soul of the motherboard.
15. Hard drive IDE slot:
This is the connector used to plug in the IDE hard drive. The hard drive is a very important device in the computer system. They need The connection is here, the IDE connector has 40 pins.
16. AGP slot:
Graphics processor interface interface, which gets rid of the original plan that all interfaces need to be attached to the PCI bus. AGP The bus is a bus that communicates directly with the processor, getting rid of the constraints of PCI.
17. Clock chip:
No matter how many MHZ FSB the processor we use is provided by this small chip.
18. Crystal oscillator:
It is often used in conjunction with a clock generator, so the distance between two people is often very close. The crystal oscillator is installed with a quartz crystal, so It can provide an extremely accurate clock frequency signal so that the clock generator can work correctly. The role of the crystal oscillator is somewhat like the metronome we use when playing the piano, except that the crystal oscillator is much more accurate than the metronome. Usually several crystal oscillators with different frequencies are used on the motherboard.
19. Battery:
To be precise, it is a NICD nickel battery. Its function is to provide backup power to the BIOS chip and timer to ensure that your computer shuts down. The timer can run normally and the BIOS settings will not be lost. If you often find that the motherboard clock resets to zero or the BIOS settings are always lost, you can replace this battery.
20. Chipset Southbridge:
This is another component of the chipset, the Southbridge chip. The role of the Southbridge chip is different from that of the Northbridge. , South Bridge often controls hard drives, PCI buses and devices, USB interfaces, AMR interfaces, provides DMA66 support, provides temperature monitoring, and provides energy control and other functions.
21. A large row of pins
This is used to connect the main chassis switch, RESET button, hard disk indicator light, power light and other equipment. In addition, many motherboards often have a jumper set or DIP switch near this location for setting the processor's FSB.
Extended knowledge:
Computers are weak current products, which means that the working voltage of the components is relatively low, generally within plus or minus 12 volts, and is direct current. Ordinary commercial power is 220 volts (110 volts in some countries) alternating current, which cannot be used directly on computer components. Therefore, computers, like many home appliances, need a power supply section, which is responsible for converting ordinary mains power into a voltage that the computer can use. It is usually installed inside the computer. The core components of the computer operate at a very low voltage, and because the computer operates at a very high frequency, the power requirements are relatively high. Nowadays, the power supply of computers is a switching circuit, which converts ordinary alternating current into direct current, and then controls the voltage by chopping, and outputs different voltages to computer components such as motherboards, hard disks, and optical drives.
Resistor (Resistor): voltage limiting, current limiting and voltage dividing and shunting. Control how much voltage each component receives, such as 12V→1.2V;
Chokes, an inductor: stabilize the current.
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