ERP is an enterprise information management system mainly oriented to the manufacturing industry for the integrated management of material resources, financial resources and information resources. The ERP system includes the following main functions: supply chain management (SCM), sales and marketing, distribution, customer service, financial management, manufacturing management, inventory management, plant and equipment maintenance, human resources, reporting, manufacturing execution system, workflow services and Enterprise information systems, etc.
The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.
Enterprise Resource Planning, or ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), was proposed by the American Gartner Group in 1990. Enterprise Resource Planning is the next generation of MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) manufacturing systems and resource planning software. In addition to the existing production resource planning, manufacturing, finance, sales, purchasing and other functions of MRP II, there are also quality management, laboratory management, business process management, product data management, inventory, distribution and transportation management, human resources management and regular reporting system. At present, the meaning of ERP in our country has been expanded, and all kinds of software used in enterprises have been included in the scope of ERP. It jumps out of traditional enterprise boundaries and optimizes enterprise resources from the scope of the supply chain. It is a new generation of information system based on the network economy era. It is mainly used to improve enterprise business processes to enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.
ERP is an enterprise information management system mainly oriented to the manufacturing industry for the integrated management of material resources, financial resources and information resources. ERP is an enterprise management software with management accounting as its core that can provide real-time information integration across regions, departments, and even companies. Integrated enterprise management software for material resource management (logistics), human resource management (people flow), financial resource management (financial flow), and information resource management (information flow).
ERP is a supply chain management idea proposed by Gartner Group Inc, an American computer technology consulting and evaluation group. Enterprise resource planning refers to a management platform based on information technology and using systematic management ideas to provide decision-making and operation means for corporate decision-makers and employees. The ERP system supports mixed manufacturing environments such as discrete and process types, and its application scope has expanded from manufacturing to retail, service, banking, telecommunications, government agencies, schools and other business sectors. By integrating database technology, graphical user interface, and Fourth-generation query languages, client-server structures, computer-aided development tools, portable open systems, etc. effectively integrate enterprise resources.
Functional modules
The ERP system includes the following main functions: supply chain management (SCM), sales and marketing, distribution, customer service, finance Management, manufacturing management, inventory management, factory and equipment maintenance, human resources, reporting, Manufacturing Executive System (MES), workflow services and enterprise information systems, etc. In addition, it also includes supplementary functions such as financial investment management, quality management, transportation management, project management, regulations and standards, and process control.
ERP is a management information system that integrates and manages all resources of an enterprise. Simply put, it is a management information system that comprehensively manages the three major flows of an enterprise: logistics, capital flow, and information flow. Its functional modules are different from the previous MRP or MRPII modules. It can not only be used for the management of production enterprises, but also can be imported into the ERP system for resource planning and management in many other types of enterprises, such as some non-production and public welfare enterprises. .
In an enterprise, general management mainly includes three aspects: production control (planning, manufacturing), logistics management (distribution, procurement, inventory management) and financial management (accounting, financial management). These three major systems are themselves integrated. They have corresponding interfaces with each other and can be well integrated to manage the enterprise. In addition, it is important to mention that as enterprises pay more attention to human resource management, more and more ERP vendors have incorporated human resource management into an important part of the ERP system.
Supply chain management
is the management of the enterprise's supply chain, that is, the market, demand, orders, raw material procurement, production, inventory, supply, distribution and delivery, etc. Management includes every aspect from production to delivery, from suppliers to customers. The supply chain is the business cycle system on which enterprises rely for survival, and it is the most important topic in enterprise e-commerce management. Statistics show that an enterprise's supply chain can consume up to 25% of an enterprise's operating costs. SCM can bring the following benefits to enterprises: (1) Increase the accuracy of forecasts. (2) Reduce inventory and improve delivery and supply capabilities. (3) Reduce work process cycles, improve productivity, and reduce supply chain costs. (4) Reduce overall procurement costs, shorten production cycles, and speed up market response.
With the rapid development of the Internet, more and more companies are beginning to use the network to implement SCM. That is, the Internet is used to integrate the upstream and downstream enterprises of the enterprise, with the central manufacturer as the core, and the upstream raw material and spare parts suppliers, industrial downstream dealers, logistics transporters and product service providers, and correspondent banks are integrated into one to form a Complete e-commerce supply chain for end customers. The purpose is to reduce procurement costs and logistics costs, improve the company's response speed to the market and final customer needs, thereby improving the market competitiveness of the company's products.
Sales and Market
The market is a product of the commodity economy and develops with the development of the commodity economy. As long as there is commodity production and commodity exchange, there must be a market. Therefore, there is an objective and inevitable connection between commodity sales and the market. Commodity production and commodity exchange by individual and private enterprises are not restricted by state plans. They are entirely generated and developed in a market environment. To this end, individual and private enterprises must establish a correct market concept, especially focusing on market research. This is a prerequisite for good product production and sales and a guarantee for enterprises to remain invincible in fierce market competition.
The market concept is the business guiding ideology that all production and operation activities of an enterprise are based on meeting the needs of users. The specific content of modern market concepts mainly includes: (1) Users are the center of corporate activities, and companies determine their own production and operation directions based on user needs; (2) Corporate marketing activities must be integrated, coordinated, and centered around meeting user needs. ;(3) While meeting the needs of users, realize the profits of the enterprise. In the strategy of obtaining profits, we do not focus on the size of the profit of each transaction, but consider the long-term development of the enterprise, and regard winning customers, establishing a good corporate image, developing markets, and increasing market share as the company's goals, thereby achieving profit.
Market research, also known as marketing research, uses certain methods and procedures to collect, organize and analyze marketing information about goods and services that consumers demand, and conduct market analysis and planning to determine marketing Strategy. To do a good job in corporate financial management, we must also pay attention to the market and strengthen marketing research. This is because: First, the market is an intermediary that links production and consumption. It can sensitively reflect changes in social needs and conditions. If an enterprise wants to be in a favorable position in competition, it should grasp market dynamics in a timely manner; second, enterprises must If you want to obtain the maximum financial benefits at the minimum cost, you must conduct market research and produce and operate marketable products that meet the needs of the market. Thirdly, the purchasing and selling activities of the enterprise must rely entirely on the marketing mechanism. This is because Determined by the production and operation characteristics of individual and private enterprises. The main contents of market research include market surveys, market forecasts and the formulation of sales strategies.
Financial Management Module
In an enterprise, clear financial management is extremely important. Therefore, it is an integral part of the overall ERP solution. The financial module in ERP is different from general financial software. As a part of the ERP system, it has corresponding interfaces with other modules of the system and can be integrated with each other. For example, it can automatically include information input from production activities and purchasing activities. The financial module generates general ledgers and accounting reports, eliminating the tedious process of entering vouchers and almost completely replacing the traditional manual operations in the past. The financial part of general ERP software is divided into two parts: accounting and financial management.
1. Accounting
Accounting is mainly about recording, accounting, reflecting and analyzing the process and results of changes in funds in corporate economic activities. It consists of general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash, fixed assets, multi-currency and other parts.
1. General ledger module: Its function is to process the input and registration of accounting vouchers, output journals, general subsidiary accounts and general ledgers, and prepare main accounting statements. It is the core of the entire accounting. Accounts receivable, accounts payable, fixed assets accounting, cash management, payroll accounting, multi-currency and other modules all use it as the center to transmit information to each other.
2. Accounts receivable module: refers to the normal customer debt accounts receivable by the enterprise due to merchandise credit. It includes invoice management, customer management, payment management, aging analysis and other functions. It is connected with customer order and invoice processing business, and at the same time, it automatically generates accounting vouchers for various events and imports them into the general ledger.
3. Accounts payable module: Accounts payable in accounting are accounts payable by the company for purchase payments, etc. It includes invoice management, supplier management, check management, aging analysis, etc. It can be fully integrated with the purchasing module and inventory module to replace the cumbersome manual operations in the past.
4. Cash management module: It mainly controls the inflow and outflow of cash and accounts for petty cash and bank deposits. It includes the management of coins, banknotes, checks, money orders and bank deposits. ERP provides cash-related functions such as bill maintenance, bill printing, payment maintenance, bank list printing, payment inquiry, bank inquiry and check inquiry. In addition, it integrates with accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger and other modules to automatically generate vouchers and transfer them to the general ledger.
5. Fixed assets accounting module: Complete the accounting work for the increase or decrease in fixed assets and the accrual and distribution of depreciation-related funds. It can help managers understand the current status of fixed assets, manage assets through various methods provided by this module, and perform corresponding accounting treatments. Its specific functions include: logging in to fixed asset cards and detailed accounts, calculating depreciation, preparing reports, and automatically preparing transfer vouchers and transferring them to the general ledger. It integrates with accounts payable, cost, and general ledger modules.
6. Multi-currency module: This is produced in order to adapt to the international operations of today's enterprises and the increasing requirements for foreign currency settlement business. The multi-currency system represents and settles various functions of the entire financial system of the enterprise in various currencies, and customer orders, inventory management and procurement management can also use multi-currency for transaction management. The multi-currency system has interfaces with various modules such as accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger, customer orders, and purchasing, which can automatically generate the required data.
7. Salary accounting module: Automatically carry out salary settlement, distribution, accounting and provision of various related funds for corporate employees. It can log in wages, print wage lists and various summary reports, calculate and accrue various wage-related expenses, automatically create vouchers, and import them into the general ledger. This module is integrated with the general ledger and cost module.
8. Cost module: It will calculate various costs of products based on product structure, work center, process, procurement and other information for cost analysis and planning. Costs can also be maintained by location using standard cost or average cost methods.
2. Financial Management
The function of financial management is mainly based on accounting data and then analyzed to carry out corresponding forecasting, management and control activities. It focuses on financial planning, control, analysis and forecasting:
Financial planning: Make financial plans, budgets, etc. for the next period based on previous financial analysis.
Financial Analysis: Provides query capabilities and financial performance evaluation, account analysis, etc. through graphical display of user-defined variance data.
Financial decision-making: The core part of financial management. The central content is making decisions about funds, including fund raising, investment and fund management. Production control management module.
This part is the core of the ERP system. It organically combines the entire production process of the enterprise, allowing the enterprise to effectively reduce inventory and improve efficiency. At the same time, the automatic connection of various originally dispersed production processes also enables the production process to be carried out in a coherent manner without causing production disconnection and delaying production delivery time.
Production Control Management
is a plan-oriented advanced production and management method. First, the enterprise determines its overall production plan, and then it is subdivided into various levels of the system and then distributed to various departments for execution. That is, the production department produces according to this, the purchasing department purchases according to this, and so on.
1. Master production plan: It arranges the types and quantities of products to be provided in each future cycle based on the input of production plans, forecasts and customer orders. It converts the production plan into a product plan, balancing the After the material and capacity are needed, a detailed schedule accurate to time and quantity is made. It is an arrangement of the total activities of an enterprise within a period of time. It is a stable plan that is generated based on production plans, actual orders, and forecasts derived from analysis of historical sales.
2. Material requirements planning: After the master production plan determines how many final products to produce, the number of products to be produced by the entire enterprise is converted into the number of parts to be produced according to the bill of materials, and compared From the existing inventory, we can get the final quantity of how much needs to be processed and purchased. This is the plan that the entire department really follows.
3. Capacity demand planning: It is a detailed work plan generated after the preliminary material demand plan is obtained, and the total workload of all work centers is balanced with the capacity of the work center to determine Whether the generated material requirements plan is a feasible demand plan based on the enterprise's production capacity. Capacity requirements planning is a short-term, current practical application plan.
4. Workshop control: This is a dynamic job plan that changes over time. It allocates jobs to specific workshops, and then performs job sequencing, job management, and job monitoring.
5. Manufacturing standards: A lot of basic production information is needed in the preparation of plans. These basic information are manufacturing standards, including parts, product structures, processes and work centers, which are all identified in the computer with unique codes.
a Part code, management of material resources, giving unique code identification to each material.
b Bill of Materials, a technical document that defines the product structure and is used to prepare various plans.
c Process describes the processing steps and sequence of operations for manufacturing and assembling a product. It includes the sequence of processing procedures, indicating the processing equipment for each process and the required rated working hours and wage levels.
d Work center is a basic unit that uses the same or similar process equipment and labor force and is engaged in production schedule arrangement, accounting capabilities, and cost calculation.
main feature
ERP integrates customer needs with the company's internal manufacturing activities and the suppliers' manufacturing resources to form a complete supply chain for the company. Its core management ideas are mainly reflected in the following three aspects: 1. Reflecting on the entire supply chain The idea of resource management; second, embodying the idea of lean production, agile manufacturing and synchronous engineering; third, embodying the idea of advance planning and ex-ante control.
The signs of successful ERP applications are: 1. System operation is integrated, and the software operates across multiple departments; 2. Business processes are rationalized, and business departments at all levels are rebuilt according to fully optimized processes; 3. Performance Monitoring is dynamic, and the performance system can provide immediate feedback to correct existing problems in management; fourth, management improvement is continuous, and the company establishes a mechanism that can continuously self-evaluate and continuously improve management.
ERP has significant features such as integration, systematization, flexibility, and real-time control. The supply chain management thinking of the ERP system puts forward higher requirements for enterprises and is the core management model for enterprises to prosper and develop in the information society and the era of knowledge economy.
(1) Sales-oriented and able to respond quickly to the market. It includes supply chain management functions, emphasizes new partnerships among suppliers, manufacturers and distributors, and supports enterprise logistics management.
(2) Emphasis is placed on enterprise processes and workflows, and the integration of enterprise personnel, finance, manufacturing and distribution is realized through workflow, and enterprise process reorganization is supported.
(3) Incorporates the function of product data management PDM, increases the management of design data and processes, and further strengthens the integration of the production management system with CAD and CAM systems.
(4) Emphasize more on financial management and have a relatively complete corporate financial management system, which enables the concept of value management to be implemented and capital flow, logistics, and information flow to be more organically combined.
(5) Consider more the role of human factors as resources in production and operation planning, and also consider the cost of human training.
(6) In the production and manufacturing plan, ERP supports the mixed management model of MRP and JIT, and also supports the management model of multiple production methods (discrete manufacturing, continuous process manufacturing, etc.).
(7) Adopts the latest computer technology, such as client/server distributed structure, object-oriented technology, electronic data interchange (EDI) based on WEB technology, multi-database integration, data warehouse, graphical user interface, Fourth generation languages and auxiliary tools, etc.
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