What you must know about Selenium using CSS positioning summary

This article brings you relevant knowledge about Selenium’s use of CSS positioning summary. CSS positioning also has its value. CSS positioning is faster and the syntax is simpler. I hope it will be helpful to everyone.

When most people use selenium to locate elements, they use xpath positioning. CSS positioning is often ignored. In fact, css positioning also has its value. CSS positioning is more Fast, the syntax is more concise

1. CSS selector

Common symbols:
#represents the id selector
.represents the class selector
>Indicates sub-elements, level
A space also indicates sub-elements, but all descendant sub-elements, which is equivalent to the relative path in xpath

2. CSS: Attribute positioning

css can be directly located through the three regular attributes of the element, id, class, and label.

如下是百度输入框的的html代码：
<input>

css uses the # sign to represent the id attribute, such as: #kw
css uses . to represent the class attribute. For example: .s_ipt
css directly uses the tag name without any identifier, such as: input

3. CSS: other attributes

css can use tag, class, and id Conventional attribute positioning can also be used to position other attributes

以下是定位其它属性的格式[name=wd] [autocomplete='off'][maxlength='255']

4. CSS: Tag

css can locate elements through a combination of tags and attributes

input.s_ipt input#kw input[id='kw']

5. CSS: Hierarchical relationship

//form的id属性form#form>span>input
//form的class属性form.fm>span>input

6. CSS: Index

css can also locate sub-elements through index

Select控件第三个Opel
#select>select>option:nth-child(3)CheckBox第一个Volvo
#checkbox>input:nth-child(1)CheckBox第二个Saab
#checkbox>input:nth-child(4)RadioBox第二个Saab
#radio>input:nth-child(4)

7. CSS: Logical operation

Same as css Logical operations can also be implemented to match two attributes at the same time, which is different from xpath

[type='checkbox'][name='checkbox1']

8. Baidu search box example

Take Baidu’s search box Specifically look at CSS positioning
Positioning input box

Single attribute positioning

type selector
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('input')id 定位
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#kw')class 定位
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('.s_ipt')其他属性定位
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('[name='wd']')driver.find_element_by_css_selector("[type='text']")

Combined attribute positioning

id组合属性定位
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input#kw")class组合属性定位
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input.s_ipt")其他属性组合定位
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name='wd']")仅有属性名，没有值也可以
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name]")两个其他属性组合定位
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("[name='wd'][autocomplete='off']")

9. Click the button on Baidu homepage as an example

Fuzzy matching attribute value method

1>属性值由多个空格隔开，匹配其中一个值的方法
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[class~='btn']")2>匹配属性值为字符串开头的方法
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[class^='btn']")3>匹配属性值字符串结尾的方法
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[class$='s_btn']")

10. The difference between CSS and Xpath positioning

Attribute positioning

CSS
css can pass the element's The three regular attributes of id, class, and label are directly positioned
①. CSS uses the # symbol to represent the id attribute, such as:
id="kw" can be written as: #kw
②. CSS uses . to represent class Attributes, such as:
class="s_ipt" can be written as: .s_ipt
③. css directly uses the label name without any identifier, such as: input

Xpath
xpath can also be passed Locate the elements' id, name, and class attributes
①. Use xpath to locate the id attribute
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//[@id='kw']")
②. Use xpath to locate through the name attribute
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//[@name='wd']")
③. Use xpath to locate through the class attribute
driver.find_element(By. XPATH,"//*[@class='s_ipt']")

Other attributes

CSS
In addition to the above, css can also be positioned through other attributes
①. css is positioned through the name attribute:
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"[name='wd']")
②. css is positioned through the autocomplete attribute:
driver.find_element(By. CSS_SELECTOR," [autocomplete='off']")
③.css is positioned through the type attribute:
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"[type='text']")

Xpath
Without the above attributes, you can locate it through other attributes
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@autocomplete='off']")

tag

CSS
The css page can locate elements through the combination of tags and attributes
①. css locates elements through the combination of tags and class attributes driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input.s_ipt")
②. css through tags Positioning driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input#kw") in combination with the id attribute
③. css positions driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[id='kw'] through the combination of tags and other attributes) ”)

Xpath
1. If there are many attributes with the same name, you can filter them by tags
①. Use xpath to locate driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"// input[@autocomplete='off']")
②. Use xpath to locate driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//input[@id='kw']")
③. Use xpath locates driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//name[@id='wd']") through the name attribute

Hierarchical relationship

CSS
Such as: //form [@id='form']/span/input and //form[@class='fm']/span/input
①. css locates driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "form#form> ;span>input”)
②. css locates driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, “form.fm>span>input”)

Xpath
1. If an element, Its attributes are not obvious and cannot be located directly. You can first find its parent element, find the parent element, and then find the next level to locate it
①. Locate the input input box by locating the parent element driver.find_element(By. XPATH,"//span[@id='s_kw_wrap']/input")
②. Locate the input input box driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//form[@id='form ']/span/input")

Index

CSS
1. CSS can also locate child elements through index option: nth-child(1)
①. Select the first child element driver.find_element(By. CSS_SELECTOR,“select#nr>option:nth-child(1)”)
②. Select the second child element driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,“select#nr>option:nth-child(2)”)
③. Select the third child element driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,“select#nr>option:nth-child(3)”)

Xpath
1. Can be positioned by sorting
①. Use xpath to locate the first driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//select[@id='nr']/option[1]")
②. Use xpath to locate the second driver. find_element(By.XPATH,"//select[@id='nr']/option[2]")
③. Use xpath to locate the third driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//select[@ id='nr']/option[3]")

Fuzzy matching

CSS
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"input:contains('kw')")

Xpath
1. Powerful fuzzy matching of xpath
2. by_partial_link, fuzzy matching positioning
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[contains(text(),' hao123')]")

11. Summary

Automated testing Two mainstream XPATH and CSS positioning methods for positioning page elements in web testing in Python Selenium
XPATH positioning and CSS positioning Very similar, XPATH is more powerful, but CSS positioning is faster, but some browsers do not support CSS positioning, and it is generally more common to use xpath positioning than css in the automated testing process

（ Learning video sharing: css video tutorial)

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