Home > Article > Backend Development > What are the built-in functions of Python?
Python built-in functions include: abs, divmod, max, min, pow, round, sum, bool, int, float, complex, str, bytearray, bytes, memoryview, ord, oct, tuple, map, etc. .
The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Python 3 version, Dell G3 computer.
Built-in function classification:
Mathematical operations (7)
Type conversion (24 items)
Sequence operations (8 items)
Object operations (7 items)
Reflection operations (8 items)
Variable operations (2 items)
Interactive operations (2 items)
File operation (1)
Compilation and execution (4)
Decorator (3 )
Mathematical operations
abs: Find the absolute value of a numerical value
>>> abs(-2) 2
pmod: Returns the quotient and remainder of two values
>>> pmod(5,2) (2, 1) >> pmod(5.5,2) (2.0, 1.5)
max: Returns the maximum value among the elements in the iterable object or the maximum value of all parameters
>>> max(1,2,3) # 传入3个参数 取3个中较大者
3
>>> max('1234') # 传入1个可迭代对象，取其最大元素值
'4'
>>> max(-1,0) # 数值默认去数值较大者 0 >>> max(-1,0,key = abs) # 传入了求绝对值函数，则参数都会进行求绝对值后再取较大者 -1
min: Returns the minimum value among the elements in the iterable object or the minimum value of all parameters
>>> min(1,2,3) # 传入3个参数 取3个中较小者
1
>>> min('1234') # 传入1个可迭代对象，取其最小元素值
'1'
>>> min(-1,-2) # 数值默认去数值较小者 -2 >>> min(-1,-2,key = abs) # 传入了求绝对值函数，则参数都会进行求绝对值后再取较小者 -1
pow: Returns two values The power operation value or its modulo value to the specified integer
>>> pow(2,3) >>> 2**3 >>> pow(2,3,5) >>> pow(2,3)%5
round: Rounding evaluation of floating point numbers
>>> round(1.1314926,1) 1.1 >>> round(1.1314926,5) 1.13149
sum: Right Summing each element in an iterable whose element type is numeric
# 传入可迭代对象 >>> sum((1,2,3,4)) 10 # 元素类型必须是数值型 >>> sum((1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5)) 12.0 >>> sum((1,2,3,4),-10) 0
Type conversion
bool: Create a new Boolean value based on the logical value of the passed in parameters
>>> bool() #未传入参数 False >>> bool(0) #数值0、空序列等值为False False >>> bool(1) True
int: Create a new integer based on the passed in parameters
>>> int() #不传入参数时，得到结果0。 0 >>> int(3) 3 >>> int(3.6) 3
float: Create a new floating point number based on the passed parameters
>>> float() #不提供参数的时候，返回0.0
0.0
>>> float(3)
3.0
>>> float('3')
3.0
complex: Create a new complex number based on the passed parameters
>>> complex() #当两个参数都不提供时，返回复数 0j。
0j
>>> complex('1+2j') #传入字符串创建复数
(1+2j)
>>> complex(1,2) #传入数值创建复数
(1+2j)
str: Returns the string representation of an object (to the user)
>>> str()
''
>>> str(None)
'None'
>>> str('abc')
'abc'
>>> str(123)
'123'
bytearray: Creates an object based on the parameters passed in New byte array
>>> bytearray('中文','utf-8')
bytearray(b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87')
bytes: Creates a new immutable byte array based on the parameters passed in
>>> bytes('中文','utf-8')
b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87'
memoryview: Based on The passed-in parameters create a new memory view object
>>> v = memoryview(b'abcefg') >>> v[1] 98 >>> v[-1] 103
ord: Returns the integer corresponding to the Unicode character
>>> ord('a')
97
chr: Returns the integer Corresponding Unicode characters
>>> chr(97) #参数类型为整数 'a'
bin: Convert integers to binary strings
>>> bin(3) '0b11'
oct: Convert integers to octal Number string
>>> oct(10) '0o12'
hex: Convert the integer into a hexadecimal string
>>> hex(15) '0xf'
tuple: Create a new one based on the passed in parameters Tuple of
>>> tuple() #不传入参数，创建空元组
()
>>> tuple('121') #传入可迭代对象。使用其元素创建新的元组
('1', '2', '1')
list: Create a new list based on the parameters passed in
>>>list() # 不传入参数，创建空列表
[]
>>> list('abcd') # 传入可迭代对象，使用其元素创建新的列表
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
dict: Create a new list based on the parameters passed in New dictionary
>>> dict() # 不传入任何参数时，返回空字典。
{}
>>> dict(a = 1,b = 2) # 可以传入键值对创建字典。
{'b': 2, 'a': 1}
>>> dict(zip(['a','b'],[1,2])) # 可以传入映射函数创建字典。
{'b': 2, 'a': 1}
>>> dict((('a',1),('b',2))) # 可以传入可迭代对象创建字典。
{'b': 2, 'a': 1}
>>>set() # 不传入参数，创建空集合
set()
>>> a = set(range(10)) # 传入可迭代对象，创建集合
>>> a
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
frozenset: Create a new set based on the passed parameters New immutable collection
>>> a = frozenset(range(10))
>>> a
frozenset({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9})
enumerate: Create an enumeration object based on an iterable object
>>> seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter'] >>> list(enumerate(seasons)) [(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')] >>> list(enumerate(seasons, start=1)) #指定起始值 [(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]
range: Create an enumeration based on the parameters passed in New range object
>>> a = range(10) >>> b = range(1,10) >>> c = range(1,10,3) >>> a,b,c # 分别输出a,b,c (range(0, 10), range(1, 10), range(1, 10, 3)) >>> list(a),list(b),list(c) # 分别输出a,b,c的元素 ([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [1, 4, 7]) >>>
>>> a = iter('abcd') #字符串序列
>>> a
<str_iterator object at 0x03FB4FB0>
>>> next(a)
'a'
>>> next(a)
'b'
>>> next(a)
'c'
>>> next(a)
'd'
>>> next(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#29>", line 1, in <module>
next(a)
StopIteration
>>> c1 = slice(5) # 定义c1 >>> c1 slice(None, 5, None) >>> c2 = slice(2,5) # 定义c2 >>> c2 slice(2, 5, None) >>> c3 = slice(1,10,3) # 定义c3 >>> c3 slice(1, 10, 3)
#定义父类A
>>> class A(object):
def __init__(self):
print('A.__init__')
#定义子类B，继承A
>>> class B(A):
def __init__(self):
print('B.__init__')
super().__init__()
#super调用父类方法
>>> b = B()
B.__init__
A.__init__
>>> a = object() >>> a.name = 'kim' # 不能设置属性 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module> a.name = 'kim' AttributeError: 'object' object has no attribute 'name'
Sequence operation
all: Determine iterable objects Whether each element of the iterable object has a True value
>>> all([1,2]) #列表中每个元素逻辑值均为True，返回True
True
>>> all([0,1,2]) #列表中0的逻辑值为False，返回False
False
>>> all(()) #空元组
True
>>> all({}) #空字典
True
True
>>> any([0,0]) #列表元素全部为False，则返回False
False
>>> any([]) #空列表
False
>>> any({}) #空字典
False
>>> a = list(range(1,10)) #定义序列 >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> def if_odd(x): #定义奇数判断函数 return x%2==1 >>> list(filter(if_odd,a)) #筛选序列中的奇数 [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
map：使用指定方法去作用传入的每个可迭代对象的元素，生成新的可迭代对象
>>> a = map(ord,'abcd') >>> a <map object at 0x03994E50> >>> list(a) [97, 98, 99, 100]
next：返回可迭代对象中的下一个元素值
>>> a = iter('abcd')
>>> next(a)
'a'
>>> next(a)
'b'
>>> next(a)
'c'
>>> next(a)
'd'
>>> next(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#18>", line 1, in <module>
next(a)
StopIteration
#传入default参数后，如果可迭代对象还有元素没有返回，则依次返回其元素值，如果所有元素已经返回，则返回default指定的默认值而不抛出StopIteration 异常
>>> next(a,'e')
'e'
>>> next(a,'e')
'e'
reversed：反转序列生成新的可迭代对象
>>> a = reversed(range(10)) # 传入range对象 >>> a # 类型变成迭代器 <range_iterator object at 0x035634E8> >>> list(a) [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
sorted：对可迭代对象进行排序，返回一个新的列表
>>> a = ['a','b','d','c','B','A'] >>> a ['a', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'B', 'A'] >>> sorted(a) # 默认按字符ascii码排序 ['A', 'B', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] >>> sorted(a,key = str.lower) # 转换成小写后再排序，'a'和'A'值一样，'b'和'B'值一样 ['a', 'A', 'b', 'B', 'c', 'd']
>>> x = [1,2,3] #长度3 >>> y = [4,5,6,7,8] #长度5 >>> list(zip(x,y)) # 取最小长度3 [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
对象操作
help：返回对象的帮助信息
>>> help(str) Help on class str in module builtins: class str(object) | str(object='') -> str | str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str | | Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or | errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer | that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler. | Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined) | or repr(object). | encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding(). | errors defaults to 'strict'. | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(self, value, /) | Return self+value. | ***************************
>>> import math >>> math <module 'math' (built-in)> >>> dir(math) ['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']
>>> a = 'some text' >>> id(a) 69228568
hash：获取对象的哈希值
>>> hash('good good study')
1032709256
type：返回对象的类型，或者根据传入的参数创建一个新的类型
>>> type(1) # 返回对象的类型
<class 'int'>
#使用type函数创建类型D，含有属性InfoD
>>> D = type('D',(A,B),dict(InfoD='some thing defined in D'))
>>> d = D()
>>> d.InfoD
'some thing defined in D'
>>> len('abcd') # 字符串
>>> len(bytes('abcd','utf-8')) # 字节数组
>>> len((1,2,3,4)) # 元组
>>> len([1,2,3,4]) # 列表
>>> len(range(1,5)) # range对象
>>> len({'a':1,'b':2,'c':3,'d':4}) # 字典
>>> len({'a','b','c','d'}) # 集合
>>> len(frozenset('abcd')) #不可变集合
>>> ascii(1)
'1'
>>> ascii('&')
"'&'"
>>> ascii(9000000)
'9000000'
>>> ascii('中文') #非ascii字符
"'\\u4e2d\\u6587'"
#字符串可以提供的参数 's' None
>>> format('some string','s')
'some string'
>>> format('some string')
'some string'
#整形数值可以提供的参数有 'b' 'c' 'd' 'o' 'x' 'X' 'n' None
>>> format(3,'b') #转换成二进制
'11'
>>> format(97,'c') #转换unicode成字符
'a'
>>> format(11,'d') #转换成10进制
'11'
>>> format(11,'o') #转换成8进制
'13'
>>> format(11,'x') #转换成16进制 小写字母表示
'b'
>>> format(11,'X') #转换成16进制 大写字母表示
'B'
>>> format(11,'n') #和d一样
'11'
>>> format(11) #默认和d一样
'11'
#浮点数可以提供的参数有 'e' 'E' 'f' 'F' 'g' 'G' 'n' '%' None
>>> format(314159267,'e') #科学计数法，默认保留6位小数
'3.141593e+08'
>>> format(314159267,'0.2e') #科学计数法，指定保留2位小数
'3.14e+08'
>>> format(314159267,'0.2E') #科学计数法，指定保留2位小数，采用大写E表示
'3.14E+08'
>>> format(314159267,'f') #小数点计数法，默认保留6位小数
'314159267.000000'
>>> format(3.14159267000,'f') #小数点计数法，默认保留6位小数
'3.141593'
>>> format(3.14159267000,'0.8f') #小数点计数法，指定保留8位小数
'3.14159267'
>>> format(3.14159267000,'0.10f') #小数点计数法，指定保留10位小数
'3.1415926700'
>>> format(3.14e+1000000,'F') #小数点计数法，无穷大转换成大小字母
'INF'
#g的格式化比较特殊，假设p为格式中指定的保留小数位数，先尝试采用科学计数法格式化，得到幂指数exp，如果-4<=exp<p，则采用小数计数法，并保留p-1-exp位小数，否则按小数计数法计数，并按p-1保留小数位数
>>> format(0.00003141566,'.1g') #p=1,exp=-5 ==》 -4<=exp<p不成立，按科学计数法计数，保留0位小数点
'3e-05'
>>> format(0.00003141566,'.2g') #p=1,exp=-5 ==》 -4<=exp<p不成立，按科学计数法计数，保留1位小数点
'3.1e-05'
>>> format(0.00003141566,'.3g') #p=1,exp=-5 ==》 -4<=exp<p不成立，按科学计数法计数，保留2位小数点
'3.14e-05'
>>> format(0.00003141566,'.3G') #p=1,exp=-5 ==》 -4<=exp<p不成立，按科学计数法计数，保留0位小数点，E使用大写
'3.14E-05'
>>> format(3.1415926777,'.1g') #p=1,exp=0 ==》 -4<=exp<p成立，按小数计数法计数，保留0位小数点
'3'
>>> format(3.1415926777,'.2g') #p=1,exp=0 ==》 -4<=exp<p成立，按小数计数法计数，保留1位小数点
'3.1'
>>> format(3.1415926777,'.3g') #p=1,exp=0 ==》 -4<=exp<p成立，按小数计数法计数，保留2位小数点
'3.14'
>>> format(0.00003141566,'.1n') #和g相同
'3e-05'
>>> format(0.00003141566,'.3n') #和g相同
'3.14e-05'
>>> format(0.00003141566) #和g相同
'3.141566e-05'
vars：返回当前作用域内的局部变量和其值组成的字典，或者返回对象的属性列表
#作用于类实例
>>> class A(object):
pass
>>> a.__dict__
{}
>>> vars(a)
{}
>>> a.name = 'Kim'
>>> a.__dict__
{'name': 'Kim'}
>>> vars(a)
{'name': 'Kim'}
__import__：动态导入模块
index = __import__('index')
index.sayHello()
isinstance：判断对象是否是类或者类型元组中任意类元素的实例
>>> isinstance(1,int) True >>> isinstance(1,str) False >>> isinstance(1,(int,str)) True
issubclass：判断类是否是另外一个类或者类型元组中任意类元素的子类
>>> issubclass(bool,int) True >>> issubclass(bool,str) False >>> issubclass(bool,(str,int)) True
#定义类A
>>> class Student:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
>>> s = Student('Aim')
>>> hasattr(s,'name') #a含有name属性
True
>>> hasattr(s,'age') #a不含有age属性
False
#定义类Student >>> class Student: def __init__(self,name): self.name = name >>> getattr(s,'name') #存在属性name 'Aim' >>> getattr(s,'age',6) #不存在属性age，但提供了默认值，返回默认值 >>> getattr(s,'age') #不存在属性age，未提供默认值，调用报错 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#17>", line 1, in <module> getattr(s,'age') AttributeError: 'Stduent' object has no attribute 'age'
>>> class Student:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
>>> a = Student('Kim')
>>> a.name
'Kim'
>>> setattr(a,'name','Bob')
>>> a.name
'Bob'
#定义类A
>>> class A:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def sayHello(self):
print('hello',self.name)
#测试属性和方法
>>> a.name
'小麦'
>>> a.sayHello()
hello 小麦
#删除属性
>>> delattr(a,'name')
>>> a.name
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#47>", line 1, in <module>
a.name
AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'name'
>>> class B: #定义类B
def __call__(self):
print('instances are callable now.')
>>> callable(B) #类B是可调用对象
True
>>> b = B() #调用类B
>>> callable(b) #实例b是可调用对象
True
>>> b() #调用实例b成功
instances are callable now.
globals：返回当前作用域内的全局变量和其值组成的字典
>>> globals()
{'__spec__': None, '__package__': None, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>}
>>> a = 1
>>> globals() #多了一个a
{'__spec__': None, '__package__': None, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, 'a': 1, '__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>}
>>> def f():
print('before define a ')
print(locals()) #作用域内无变量
a = 1
print('after define a')
print(locals()) #作用域内有一个a变量，值为1
>>> f
<function f at 0x03D40588>
>>> f()
before define a
{}
after define a
{'a': 1}
print：向标准输出对象打印输出
>>> print(1,2,3) 1 2 3 >>> print(1,2,3,sep = '+') 1+2+3 >>> print(1,2,3,sep = '+',end = '=?') 1+2+3=?
input：读取用户输入值
>>> s = input('please input your name:')
please input your name:Ain
>>> s
'Ain'
文件操作
open：使用指定的模式和编码打开文件，返回文件读写对象
# t为文本读写，b为二进制读写
>>> a = open('test.txt','rt')
>>> a.read()
'some text'
>>> a.close()
编译执行
compile：将字符串编译为代码或者AST对象，使之能够通过exec语句来执行或者eval进行求值
>>> #流程语句使用exec >>> code1 = 'for i in range(0,10): print (i)' >>> compile1 = compile(code1,'','exec') >>> exec (compile1) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >>> #简单求值表达式用eval >>> code2 = '1 + 2 + 3 + 4' >>> compile2 = compile(code2,'','eval') >>> eval(compile2) 10
>>> eval('1+2+3+4')
10
exec：执行动态语句块
>>> exec('a=1+2') #执行语句
>>> a
3
repr：返回一个对象的字符串表现形式(给解释器)
>>> a = 'some text' >>> str(a) 'some text' >>> repr(a) "'some text'"
装饰器
property：标示属性的装饰器
>>> class C:
def __init__(self):
self._name = ''
@property
def name(self):
"""i'm the 'name' property."""
return self._name
@name.setter
def name(self,value):
if value is None:
raise RuntimeError('name can not be None')
else:
self._name = value
>>> c = C()
>>> c.name # 访问属性
''
>>> c.name = None # 设置属性时进行验证
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#84>", line 1, in <module>
c.name = None
File "<pyshell#81>", line 11, in name
raise RuntimeError('name can not be None')
RuntimeError: name can not be None
>>> c.name = 'Kim' # 设置属性
>>> c.name # 访问属性
'Kim'
>>> del c.name # 删除属性，不提供deleter则不能删除
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#87>", line 1, in <module>
del c.name
AttributeError: can't delete attribute
>>> c.name
'Kim'
>>> class C:
@classmethod
def f(cls,arg1):
print(cls)
print(arg1)
>>> C.f('类对象调用类方法')
<class '__main__.C'>
类对象调用类方法
>>> c = C()
>>> c.f('类实例对象调用类方法')
<class '__main__.C'>
类实例对象调用类方法
# 使用装饰器定义静态方法
>>> class Student(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@staticmethod
def sayHello(lang):
print(lang)
if lang == 'en':
print('Welcome!')
else:
print('你好！')
>>> Student.sayHello('en') #类调用,'en'传给了lang参数
en
Welcome!
>>> b = Student('Kim')
>>> b.sayHello('zh') #类实例对象调用,'zh'传给了lang参数
zh
你好
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