Transistor computers belong to the second generation of computers. The second generation of electronic computers used electronic computers made of transistors, and their software began to use process-oriented programming languages, such as fortran, algol, etc. Transistors can not only realize the functions of electron tubes, but also have the advantages of small size, light weight, long life, high efficiency, low heat generation, and low power consumption.
The second generation of electronic computers uses electronic computers made of transistors. The survival period of the second generation of foreign electronic computers is approximately 1957-1964. Its software began to use process-oriented programming languages, such as fortran, algol, etc. China's first transistor computer was built in 1967, with an operating speed of 50,000 operations per second.
Transistors can not only realize the functions of electron tubes, but also have the advantages of small size, light weight, long life, high efficiency, low heat generation, and low power consumption.
Before the 1950s, computers used electron tubes as components. Tube components have a number of significant disadvantages. For example, too much heat is generated during operation, the reliability is poor, the computing speed is not fast, the price is expensive, and the volume is large, all of which limit the development of computers. As a result, transistors began to be used as computer components. After the use of transistors, the structure of electronic circuits has been greatly improved, and the idea of manufacturing high-speed electronic computers has become easier to realize.
In 1954, Bell Labs in the United States successfully developed the first computer using transistor circuits, named "TRADIC", which was equipped with 800 transistors. In 1955, the United States equipped the Atalas intercontinental missile with a small computer with transistors as its main components. Ten years later, the same type of missile produced in the United States was only 1/100 of its original weight due to the use of integrated circuit components, and its volume and power consumption were reduced to 1/300 of its original size.
In 1958, IBM in the United States built the first computer using all transistors, the RCA501. Since the second generation of computers used transistor logic components and fast magnetic core memory, the computer speed increased from thousands to hundreds of thousands of operations per second, and the storage capacity of main memory increased from thousands to more than 100,000. In 1959, IBM produced the IBM7090, an all-transistorized electronic computer. From 1958 to 1964, transistorized computers underwent a large-scale development process. From printed circuit boards to unit circuits and random memories, from computing theory to programming languages, continuous innovation has made transistor electronic computers increasingly perfect. In 1961, the world's largest transistor electronic computer, ATLAS, was installed. In 1964, China produced the first all-transistor electronic computer, Model 441-B.
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