As an excellent PHP engineer, have you mastered all these Linux commands?

Preface

This article contains common Linux commands. There is a little trick here. Basically all commands are followed by --h to show how to use them. Therefore, there is no need to memorize them by rote. If you know their meaning, you will understand their shape. (Recommended:Linux Video Tutorial)

is classified as follows:

● File & Directory Operations (16)

● View File & Content Processing ( 18 items)

● File compression & decompression (3 items)

● Information display (11 items)

● File search (4 items)

●●Process management (11 items)

●User management (7 items)

●Network operations (11 items)

●Disk & file system (7 items)

● System permissions (3)

● Shut down and restart (5)

● Others (6)

File & directory operations (16) )

ls

●　ls -a View all files, including hidden files

●　ls -l Abbreviation ll, view detailed information

　●　ls -h Display the file size in an easy-to-read format

cd

　●　cd ../ Return to the upper directory

　●　cd ~ Go to home directory

●cd - Return to the last directory

cp

●cp -r Copy the directory and files under the directory

find

● Find / -name 'target' Query the file named target under the root directory

mkdir

　●mkdir -p /tmp/test Create directory recursively

mv

●mv -f source destination Force

pwd

　●　pwd displays the current path

#rm

　●　rm -rf / Forcefully delete files in the root directory and directory, that’s us What is usually called deleting the database and running away

touch

● Touch target creates the target file and changes the file timestamp if the file exists

tree

●　The tree function is to display the contents of the directory in a tree structure

basename

●　basename /tmp/1 display File name

dirname

●　dirname /tmp/1 Display path

chattr

●　chattr i /tmp/1 Add i attribute to prevent the file from being modified

lsattr

●　lsattr /tmp/1 View the extended attributes of the file

file

●　file /tmp/1 Display file type

md5

●　md5 /tmp/1 Display File MD5 value

View file & content processing (18)

cat

●　cat -n display line number

●　cat file1 file2 Open files 1 and 2

more

●　more file1 Display page by page

less

●●less file1 is also displayed page by page, in the opposite direction to more

head

●head -n file displays the file header n lines

tail

tail -n file displays the last n lines of the file

tailf file displays the last 10 lines of the file in real time, often used to track log information

cut

● Who|cut -b 1-3,5 Outputs 1 to 3 bytes and the 5th byte of each line

●who|cut -c -3 Output 1 to 3 characters of each line

● Who|cut -c 3- Output the 3rd character of each line to the end of the line

●who|cut -d ' ' -f 1 Use space as the delimiter to output the first domain

split

Split -b 10k date.file Split the file into multiples of 10k Subfile

● Split -b 10k date.file split_file Specify the subfile prefix as split_file

#paste

●psate file1 file2 file3 will 3 Merge files by columns

sort

Sort -n Sort by numerical size

Sort -r Sort in reverse order

　●　sort -t specifies the delimiter

　●　sort -u ignores the same lines

uniq

●　uniq -c displays the number of occurrences, Only adjacent ones are considered duplicates

● uniq -d only displays duplicate lines

●unqi -u only displays non-duplicate lines

wc

● wc -l displays the number of columns

diff

##● diff file1 file2 Compare the differences between two files

rev

● rev file Reverse output file content

grep

●grep 'target' file Filter the output file to contain target Lines

●grep -v 'target' file Filters the lines that do not contain target in the output file

●grep -c 'target' file Filters the number of lines that contain target in the output file

　●grep -i 'target' file Ignore case

●egrep '[1-9]|a' file Filter output lines matched by regular expressions

●Seq 10 | grep "5" -A 3 Displays the 3 lines after matching a certain result

　●　seq 10 | grep "5" -B 3 Displays the 3 lines before matching a certain result

　●　seq 10 | grep "5" -C 3 Displays the first three lines and the last three lines matching a certain result

#join

●　join file1 file2 Join the two files , connect lines with the same content in the specified field

tr

●　cat text | tr '\t' ' ' Replace tab characters with spaces

vim

Three modes:

● Edit mode (command mode)

● Input mode

● Last line mode

Mode conversion

Edit-> Input

i: 在当前光标所在字符的前面，转为输入模式； a: 在当前光标所在字符的后面，转为输入模式； o: 在当前光标所在行的下方，新建一行，并转为输入模式； I：在当前光标所在行的行首，转换为输入模式 A：在当前光标所在行的行尾，转换为输入模式 O：在当前光标所在行的上方，新建一行，并转为输入模式；

Input-> Edit

ESC

Edit-> Last line:

:

Last line-> Edit:

ESC,ESC

Open file

vim +# :打开文件，并定位于第#行 vim +：打开文件，定位至最后一行 vim +/PATTERN : 打开文件，定位至第一次被PATTERN匹配到的行的行首

Close File

:q 退出 :wq 保存并退出 :q! 不保存并退出 :w 保存 :w! 强行保存

Move the cursor (edit mode)

##Move character by character

• h: 左 l: 右 j: 下 k: 上 #h: 移动#个字符

Move in units of words

• w: 移至下一个单词的词首 e: 跳至当前或下一个单词的词尾 b: 跳至当前或前一个单词的词首 #w: 移动#个单词

Jump within the line

• 0: 绝对行首 ^: 行首的第一个非空白字符 $: 绝对行尾

Jump between lines

• #G：跳转至第#行 gg: 第一行 G：最后一行

Screen flip

Ctrl+f: 向下翻一屏 Ctrl+b: 向上翻一屏 Ctrl+d: 向下翻半屏 Ctrl+u: 向上翻半屏

Delete a single character

x: 删除光标所在处的单个字符 #x: 删除光标所在处及向后的共#个字符

Delete command: d

dd: 删除当前光标所在行 #dd: 删除包括当前光标所在行在内的#行；

Undo editing operation

u：撤消前一次的编辑操作 #u: 直接撤消最近#次编辑操作 连续u命令可撤消此前的n次编辑操作 撤消最近一次撤消操作：Ctrl+r

Find

/PATTERN ?PATTERN n 下一个 N 上一个

File compression & decompression (3)

tar

●tar zxvf FileName.tar.gz Decompression

●tar zcvf FileName.tar.gz DirName Compression

zip

●　zip -r html.zip/home/html Recursive compression

unzip

●　unzip test.zip -d /tmp Extract to the specified directory

Information display (11 items)

uname

●uname -a Display all system information

hostname

● hostname displays the host name

dmesg

● dmesg displays boot information

uptime

●　uptime displays system running time and load

stat

#●　stat displays file status information

du

● du -sh displays the size of all files under the path

●du -sh local displays the file size of the local directory under the path

　●　du -sh * Display the size of all directory files under the path

df

●　df -h Display the system disk space usage

top

● Top displays system resource usage in real time

#free

● free -m Views the system in M units Memory

date

date "%Y-%m-%d" 2019-05-28

date -d "1 day ago" "% Y-% m-% d" Output yesterday's date

● Date -d "1 day" % Y% m% d Display the previous day's date

● date -d "-1 day" % Y% m% d displays the date of the next day

● Date -d "-1 month" % Y% m% d displays the date of the previous month

　●　date -d " 1 month" % Y% m% d displays the date of the next month

　●　date -d "-1 year" % Y% m% d displays the date of the previous year

●　date -d "1 year" % Y% m% d displays the date of the next year

cal

● Cal calendar information

Search files (4)

which

●which pwd displays the command path

find

●find /-name 'target' Query the file named target under the root directory

whereis

●　whereis php search binary command

locate

●　locate target from the database (/var/ lib/mlocate/mlocate.db) Find the target file and use updatedb to update the library

Process Management (11)

jobs

● Jobs View How many commands are currently running in the background

#bg

●bg 1 Continue executing a command that is paused in the background, 1 is the job number

●　(ctrl z) can suspend the program and return the job number

fg

●　fg 1 Move the command in the background to the foreground to continue running, 1 is the job number

kill

● Kill process number kills the process

●kill -9 process number kills the process

● Killall

● Killall php Kill the process by process name

●killall -9 php Kill the process by process name

pkill

●Usage is the same as above

crontab

●crontab -l View scheduled tasks

●crontab -e Edit scheduled tasks

●crontab -l -u user1 View user1's scheduled tasks, only root has permission

●crontab -e -u user1 Edit user1's scheduled tasks, only root has permission

ps

●ps -ef View the process, display UID, PPIP, C and STIME, and the environment variable field used by each program

●ps -axu View all processes, and Display the process number and process id tree belonging to the user

pstree

●pstree -p Display the process number and process id tree of all current processes

●pstree -a Display all processes All detailed information tree

nohup

● nohup command & does not hang up the program when exiting the account, it is still running in the background

pgrep

● pgrep -l httpd Find http-related process numbers

User management (7)

useradd

　●　useradd boy -u 888 Create a new user account and set the ID

●　useradd –g sales jack –G company,employees

●　-g: Join the main group -G: Join Secondary group

usermod

Usermod -G staff newuser2 Add newuser2 to group staff

Usermod -l newuser1 newuser Modify newuser The username is newuser1

● usermod -L newuser1 locks the account newuser1

● usermod -U newuser1 unlocks newuser1

userdel

　● Userdel -f user1 Forcefully delete the user

● Userdel -r user1 When deleting the user, delete all files related to the user

groupadd

　●groupadd -g 1000 group1 Create a new group and set the group ID to join the system

passwd

●passwd user1 Modify user1 password

●●passwd -l user1 Lock password

●passwd -d user1 Delete password

su

●su root Switch identity

sudo

● sudo command Running command as administrator

Network operations (11)

telnet

● Telnet 127.0.0.1 Log in to the remote host

ssh

●　ssh root@127.0.0.1 -p22 Log in to the remote host

scp

●　scp local_file remote_username@remote_ip:remote_folder Copy local to remote

●scp remote_username@remote_ip:remote_folder local_file Remote copy to local

wget

●wget url Download a file

●wget --limit -rate=300k url speed limit download

●　wget -c url resume breakpoint

●wget -b url background download

ping

　●　ping www.baidu.com -c 2 End after receiving two packets

route

●　route displays the current route

ifconfig

●ifconfig View, configure, enable or disable network interfaces

ifup

ifup eth0 Open eth0 Network card

●ifdown

●ifdown eth0 Close eth0 network card

netstat

●netstat -at List all tcp ports

●netstat -au lists all udp ports

●netstat -l displays only listening ports

ss

● ss - t -a displays all tcp links

●　ss -l displays sockets in listening state

Disk & file system (7)

mount

●　mount /dev/hda1 /mnt Mount /dev/hda1 to the /mnt directory

●　umount

●　umount -v /mnt/mymount / Unmount/mnt/mymount/

fsck

●　fsck -y /dev/hda2 Check and repair the Linux file system

dumpe2fs

●　dumpe2fs /dev/hda1 View file system information

dump

●　dump -0u -f /tmp/homeback.bak /home

Back up all the contents of the /home directory to the /tmp/homeback.bak file, the backup level is 0 and record relevant information in /etc/dumpdates

fdisk

●　fdisk /dev/sdb

Enter m to list the executable commands

Enter p to list the current partition status of the disk

Enter d Then select the partition and delete the existing partition

Enter print to check the partition status and confirm that the partition has been deleted

Enter n to create a new disk partition

Enter w to finally operate the partition Save

mkfs

●mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda6 Format the sda6 partition into ext3 format

System permissions (3)

chmod

●Chmod 777 file1 Modify file1 file permissions to 777

●Chmod u x,g w file1 Set file1 to be executable by yourself, team members Writable permissions

chown

●Chown -R root /usr/meng Modifies the directory /usr/meng and all files and subdirectories below it Change the file owner to root

chgrp

●chgrp -R mengxin /usr/meng Change the user group of all files in /usr/meng and its subdirectories Shut down and restart for mengxin

(5)

shutdown

● Shutdown -h now Shut down immediately

●shutdown 5 " System will shutdown after 5 minutes" Specifies the shutdown after 5 minutes and sends a warning message to the logged in user

halt

● Halt -p Turn off the power after shutting down the system

● Halt -d shuts down the system without leaving a record

poweroff

●poweroff -f forcefully shuts down the operating system

logout

●logout exits the currently logged-in Shell

exit

● exit exits the currently logged-in Shell

Others (6)

echo

● echo 'hello' prints strings and variables

print

●printf 'hell0' Formatted output string

rpm

●rpm -ivh your-package.rpm Install rpm package

● rpm -Uvh your-package.rpm Upgrade rpm package

● rpm -e package Uninstall

● rpm -qa List all installed packages

　●　rpm -ql package name rpm where to install the files in the package

yum

●　yum install php install php

　● yum remove php Uninstall php

clear

●clear Clear the screen

history

●history 10 The 10 most recently used historical commands

Extended reading:

Linux operation and maintenance tutorial