Sorting operations in python and introduction to the heapq module (code example)

The content of this article is about the sorting operation in Python and the introduction of the heapq module (code examples). It has certain reference value. Friends in need can refer to it. I hope it will be helpful to you.

When it comes to sorting, many people may first think of sorted, but you may not know that there is actually a better method in python, and it is more efficient than sorted in many scenarios. Then I will introduce the sorting operations that I know in turn.
sorted(iterable, *, key=None, reverse=False)

list1=[1,6,4,3,9,5]
list2=['12','a6','4','c34','b9','5']

print(sorted(list1))    #[1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9]
print(sorted(list2))    #['12', '4', '5', 'a6', 'b9', 'c34']
#总结上面两种排序：字符串排序根据元素首字符的ASCII比较进行排序，
#数字类型按照大小排序，数字不能混合排序
list3=[
    {'name':'jim','age':23,'price':500},
    {'name':'mase','age':23,'price':600},
    {'name':'tom','age':25,'price':2000},
    {'name':'alice','age':22,'price':300},
    {'name':'rose','age':21,'price':2400},
]
print(sorted(list3,key=lambda s:(s['age'],s['price'])))
#[{'name': 'rose', 'age': 21, 'price': 2400}, {'name': 'alice', 'age': 22, 'price': 300}, {'name': 'jim', 'age': 23, 'price': 500}, {'name': 'mase', 'age': 23, 'price': 600}, {'name': 'tom', 'age': 25, 'price': 2000}]
最后的reverse参数我就不作说明了，就是把结果进行倒序，可用作降序排列
介绍一种比lambda效率高的方式：
operator模块中的方法itemgetter
>>> itemgetter(1)('ABCDEFG')
'B'
>>> itemgetter(1,3,5)('ABCDEFG')
('B', 'D', 'F')
>>> itemgetter(slice(2,None))('ABCDEFG')
'CDEFG
运用到上述代码
print(sorted(list3,key=itemgetter('age','price')))    #结果同上但效率会比较高

The next sorting operation involves a very important data structure-heap, but Today I will mainly introduce the methods in this module, specifically what is a heap, and another data structure - the stack. I will write a special article to introduce it when I have time.
heapq (Python built-in module)

__all__ = ['heappush', 'heappop', 'heapify', 'heapreplace', 'merge',
           'nlargest', 'nsmallest', 'heappushpop']

Next we will introduce them one by one.
nlargest and nsmallest, you can see the general function of the method through the literal meaning. Next, try the hands-on test

nlargest(n, iterable, key=None)
nsmallest(n, iterable, key=None)
#n:查找个数    iterable:可迭代对象    key：同sorted
list1=[1,6,4,3,9,5]
list2=['12','a6','4','c34','b9','5']
list3=[
    {'name':'jim','age':23,'price':500},
    {'name':'mase','age':23,'price':600},
    {'name':'tom','age':25,'price':2000},
    {'name':'alice','age':22,'price':300},
    {'name':'rose','age':21,'price':2400},
]
from operator import itemgetter
import heapq
print(heapq.nlargest(len(list1),list1))
print(heapq.nlargest(len(list2),list2))
print(heapq.nlargest(len(list3),list3,key=itemgetter('age','price')))
#以上代码输出结果同sorted
print(heapq.nsmallest(len(list1),list1))
print(heapq.nsmallest(len(list2),list2))
print(heapq.nsmallest(len(list3),list3,key=itemgetter('age','price')))
#结果是降序
[1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9]
['12', '4', '5', 'a6', 'b9', 'c34']
[{'name': 'rose', 'age': 21, 'price': 2400}, {'name': 'alice', 'age': 22, 'price': 300}, {'name': 'jim', 'age': 23, 'price': 500}, {'name': 'mase', 'age': 23, 'price': 600}, {'name': 'tom', 'age': 25, 'price': 2000}]

heappush,heappop,heapify,heapreplace,heappushpop
Features of the heap structure: heap[0] is always the smallest element(Use this feature to sort)

heapify：对序列进行堆排序，
heappush:在堆序列中添加值
heappop:删除最小值并返回
heappushpop:添加并删除堆中最小值且返回，添加之后删除
heapreplace:添加并删除队中最小值且返回，删除之后添加
nums=[54,23,64.,323,53,3,212,453,65]
heapify(nums)    #先进行堆排序
print(heappop(nums))    #3
print(heappush(nums,50))    #添加操作，返回None
print(heappushpop(nums,10))    #由于是添加后删除，所以返回10
print(heappop(nums))    #23
print(heapreplace(nums,10))    #和heappushpop，返回50
print(nums)    #[10, 53, 54, 65, 323, 64.0, 212, 453]

merge: merge multiple sequences

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12]
set1 = {2, 3, 9, 23, 54}
s = list(merge(list1,set1))
print(s)    #[1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 54, 23]
#发现输出结果不仅进行了合并，还进行了排序，有意思哈，可是换个代码测验，你再看一下
list1 = [31, 2, 83, 24, 5, 12]
set1 = {2, 83, 9, 23, 54}
s = list(merge(list1,set1))
print(s)    #[2, 9, 31, 2, 83, 24, 5, 12, 83, 54, 23]
#你们肯定想这是什么鬼，一点都没有头绪，其实经过我的多次测验，还是有规律的，但是由于没有什么作用就不大篇幅说明了，喜欢刨根问题的小伙伴可以尝试自己思考一下。

Friends Have you ever wondered why I introduced this module and put it together with sorting? In fact, many times we need to find the first few maximum or minimum values ​​in the sequence. It is best to use the method in this module.
If we need to sort them all, we use sorted. If we need to find the largest or smallest few or more, we use alert/asmallest. To find the largest and smallest, use max/min

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