python元组与字典的详细介绍

一、元组

1.元组的表达

（1,2,3,4）
（'olive',123）
（"python",）

创建元组：

a=tuple((1,2,3,))
b=("python",)

2.元组功能属性

class tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
    
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0
    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0
    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass
    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass
    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass
    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass
    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass
    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass
    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass
    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass
    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass
    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
        
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass
    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass
    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass
    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass
    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass
    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass
    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass
    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass
tuple

3.元组的部分功能属性介绍

元组和列表有很大相似性，但是元组的元素是不可修改的，所以很多列表有的功能元组都没有。

1）count(self, value):

统计元组中包含value元素的数量，返回一个int值。

a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,)
b=a.count(1)
print(a,type(a))
print(b,type(b))
#运行结果
(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) <class 'tuple'>
3 <class 'int'>
demo

2)index(self, value, start=None, stop=None):

索引，查找元组中value元素第一个出现的位置，start与stop参数是查找起始与结束位置，默认为None，返回int数值，如果查找中不包含这个元素，则返回ValueError: 'f' is not in tuple报错。

a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,)
b=a.index(3)
print(a,len(a))
print(b,type(b))
#运行结果
(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) 9
2 <class 'int'>
demo

3）add(self, *args, **kwargs):

给元组添加一个新的元素，添加的新元素需要以元组的形式添加，生成一个新的元组。

a=(1,2,3,4)
b=a.__add__((5,1))   #括号理给出的必须是元组
print(a,type(a))
print(b,type(b))
#运行结果
(1, 2, 3, 4) <class 'tuple'>
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1) <class 'tuple'>
demo

4）contains(self, *args, **kwargs):

判断元组中是否包含某个元素，返回布尔值。

a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,)
b=a.__contains__(2)
c=a.__contains__(5)
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
#运行结果
(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2)
True
False
demo

二、字典

1.字典的表达

{"name":"olive","age":18}

创建字典：

a={"name":"olive","age":18}
b=dict({"name":"lusi","age":18})

2.字典功能属性

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """
    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass
    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass
    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """
        pass
    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass
    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass
    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass
    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass
    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass
    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass
    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass
    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass
    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if D has a key k, else False. """
        pass
    def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Delete self[key]. """
        pass
    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass
    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass
    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass
    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass
    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass
    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass
    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass
    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass
    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass
    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass
    def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Set self[key] to value. """
        pass
    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass
    __hash__ = None
dict

3.字典的部分功能属性介绍
1）clear(self):

清除字典中的所有元素。

a={"name":"olive","age":18}
b=a.clear()
print(a)
print(b)
#运行结果
{}
None

2）copy(self):

复制一份元组，相当于一次浅拷贝。

a={"name": "olive","age":18}
b=a.copy()
print(a,id(a),id("name"))
print(b,id(b),id("name"))
#赋值
c={"name": "lusi","age":18}
d=c
print(c,id("name"))
print(d,id("name"))
#浅拷贝
e={"name": "shy","age":18}
f=copy.copy(e)
print(e,id(e),id("name"))
print(f,id(f),id("name"))
#运行结果
{'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915224 2019840
{'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915304 2019840
{'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840
{'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840
{'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5584616 2019840
{'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5586056 2019840

3）fromkeys(*args, **kwargs):【fromkeys(seq,value=None)】

创建一个新的字典，以seq为字典的keys（键），value为字典的值，默认为None。适合创建一个一样值的字典。

a={"hunan": "changsha","guangdong":"guangzhou","jiangsu":"nanjing",'hubei':"wuhan"}
b=dict.fromkeys(a,"good")
c=dict.fromkeys(["a","b","c"],"abc")
d=dict.fromkeys("abcc")           
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
print(d)
#运行结果
{'guangdong': 'guangzhou', 'hubei': 'wuhan', 'hunan': 'changsha', 'jiangsu': 'nanjing'}
{'hubei': 'good', 'guangdong': 'good', 'hunan': 'good', 'jiangsu': 'good'}
{'c': 'abc', 'b': 'abc', 'a': 'abc'}
{'c': None, 'b': None, 'a': None}   #seq给出的字符串c是重复的，但是创建的键只取一个。

4）get(self, k, d=None):

获取字典中键为k的值，如果字典中不包含k，则给出d值，d默认为None。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.get("a")
c=a.get("e")
d=a.get("e",5)
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
print(d)
#运行结果
{'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
1
None
5

5）items(self):

遍历字典的一个方法，把字典中每对key和value组成一个元组，并把这些元组放在一个类似列表的dict_items中返回。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.items()
print(a)
print(b,type(b))
#运行结果
{'d': 4, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dict_items([('d', 4), ('c', 3), ('a', 1), ('b', 2)]) <class 'dict_items'>

6）keys(self):

遍历字典键keys的一个方法，返回一个类似列表的dict_keys，与items方法用法相同。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.keys()
print(a)
print(b,type(b))
#运行结果
{'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
dict_keys(['b', 'a', 'c', 'd']) <class 'dict_keys'>

7)values(self):

遍历字典值value的一个方法，返回一个类似列表的dict_values，与items方法用法相同。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.values()
print(a)
print(b,type(b))
#运行结果
{'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1}
dict_values([3, 4, 2, 1]) <class 'dict_values'>

8）pop(self, k, d=None):

和get方法用法相似，只不过，get是获取字典中键为k的值，而pop是取出字典中键为k的值。当字典中不含键k时，d不是默认值时，取到的值就为d值，如果d为默认值None时，则KeyError报错。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.pop("a")
c=a.pop("e","five")
print(a)
print(b,type(b))
print(c,type(c))
#运行结果
{'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2}
1 <class 'int'>
five <class 'str'>

9）popitem(self):

从字典中随机取出一组键值，返回一个新的元组。如果字典中无键值可取，则KeyError报错。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.popitem()
print(a)
print(b,type(b))
#运行结果
{'d': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1}
('c', 3) <class 'tuple'>

10）setdefault(self, k, d=None):

从字典中获取键为k的值，当字典中包含键k值时，功能和get基本一致，当字典中不包含键k值时，在原字典上添加上键为k的初始键值对，并返回值d。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.setdefault("a")
c=a.setdefault("e")
d=a.setdefault("f",6)
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
print(d)
#运行结果
{'f': 6, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'e': None, 'b': 2, 'd': 4}
1
None
6

11）update(self, E=None, **F):

给字典新增元素，没有返回值。用法：dict.update(dict2)。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.update({"e":5})
print(a)
print(b)
#运行结果
{'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4, 'a': 1, 'e': 5}
None

12）contains(self, *args, **kwargs):

判断列表中是否包含某个键值对，返回布尔值。用法：dict.contains(keys)。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.__contains__("a")
print(a)
print(b)
#运行结果
{'a': 1, 'd': 4, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
True

13）delitem(self, *args, **kwargs):

删除字典中的某个键值对，没有返回值。用法：dict.delitem(keys)。

a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}
b=a.__delitem__("a")
print(a)
print(b)
#运行结果
{'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4}
None

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