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Integration of knowledge about the margin attribute of CSS important properties

WBOY
WBOYOriginal
2016-08-20 08:47:491127browse

The following sharing is inspired by me after learning about margin knowledge in the past few days. I feel that my previous understanding of margin was too shallow. Therefore, the following article is written, firstly, for myself to organize my thoughts; secondly, to share the knowledge and avoid misunderstandings about the margin attribute. There may be a lot of content, but it is the essence. I hope you will study patiently.

The following sharing will be divided into the following contents:

1. A brief introduction to the margin attribute

　1.1: Margin percentage setting of normal flow

　1.2: Absolute positioning margin percentage setting

2.margin elements that cannot be applied

3.Collapsing margins

　3.1: Original intention of Collapsing margins

　3.2: Collapsing margins type

　 3.2.1: The margins of sibling elements overlap

　 3.2.2: The margins of parent and child elements overlap

　 3.2.3: The element’s own margin-bottom and margin-top will also collapse when they are adjacent

4. Calculation rules of margin after folding

　4.1: The margins involved in folding are all positive

　4.2: The margins involved in folding are all negative

　4.3: There are positive and negative values ​​in the margin involved in folding

5.Collapsing margins solution

1. A brief introduction to the margin attribute

　Before introducing margin, let’s take a picture of the W3C standard box model so that readers can check the relevant positions.

　

　Margin, as the name suggests, is called outer margin. The basic properties of margin are as follows

　a: margin is the abbreviation of 'margin-top', 'margin-right', 'margin-bottom', 'margin-left', indicating the size range of margin.

　b: The margin value can be one of the width value, percentage value or 'auto'. Note that margin must have a unit, which can be pixels, inches, millimeters, or ems.

　c: The margin percentage value is calculated relative to the width of the parent element.

　D: When the margin is margin:10px, it means that the top, right, bottom, and left (counterclockwise) directions are all 10px; when the margin is margin:10px 20px, it means that the top and bottom directions are 10px, and the left and right directions are 20px; when the margin When the margin is margin: 10px 20px 5px, it means that the top direction is 10px, the left and right directions are 20px, and the bottom direction is 5px; when the margin is margin: 1px 2px 3px 4px, it means the top direction is 1px, the right direction is 2px, and the bottom direction is 3px. , the left direction is 4px.

Through the brief introduction to margin above, we know that the percentage value of margin is calculated relative to the width of the parent element, but the calculation of margin for ordinary flow and absolutely positioned elements is different.

　1.1: Margin percentage setting for normal flow

In ordinary flow elements, the margin percentage value is calculated based on the width of its parent element. 

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="container"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">2</span>             <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="content"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">3</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;"> 1</span> <span style="color: #800000;">      .container </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 2</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 3</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 4</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightpink</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 5</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        margin</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 10px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 6</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        display</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> inline-block</span>;   <!--设置此值是有原因的，会在下面讲解。-->
<span style="color: #008080;"> 7</span>       }
<span style="color: #008080;"> 8</span> <span style="color: #800000;">      .container .content </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 9</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 120px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">10</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 120px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">11</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">12</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">        margin</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 10%</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">13</span>       }

It can be seen that the margin in the top left direction is 30px (300 * 10% = 30). There is a reason for setting the display for the parent element, which will be mentioned in the following section, so be patient.

Note that the values ​​of the four directions of margin are calculated based on the width of the parent element!

　1.2: Absolute positioning margin percentage setting

In absolutely positioned elements, if the parent element is set with relative/absolute/fixed, the margin percentage value is calculated based on the width of the parent element; if the parent element is not set with relative/absolute/fixed, the margin percentage value is based on the entire page The width is calculated. 

<span style="color: #008080;"> 1</span> <span style="color: #800000;">.container </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 2</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 3</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 4</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightpink</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 5</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  display</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> inline-block</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 6</span> }
<span style="color: #008080;"> 7</span> <span style="color: #800000;">.container .content </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 8</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 120px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 9</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 120px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">10</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">11</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;   <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">增加了改该属性</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">12</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  margin</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 10%</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">13</span> }

可以看出，margin 的值计算结果不再是30px了，而是变成 137px (我的电脑页面宽度为1370px)。这是因为子元素container设置了absolute，导致子元素脱离文档流，四个方位的值是依据页面进行定位，所以 margin值才会发生变化。如果想让子元素还是依据父元素定位，可以为父元素设置 relative/fixed/absolute 其中之一个值， 这样 margin 百分比计算还是 30px，跟普通流中margin 的一样。 同学可以亲自尝试一下。

 

2.margin 无法适用的元素

　　有以下元素设置 margin 值是没有效果的。

　　a：行内元素垂直 margin 值不起作用。

　　b：margin 非 table 类型的元素，以及 table 类型中 table-caption, table-cell 和 inline-table 这3类。例如 TD TR TH 等，margin 是不适用的。

　　c：对于行内非替换元素（例如 SPAN），垂直方向的 margin 不起作用。

 

3.外边距折叠 (Collapsing margins)

Collapsing margins，即外边距折叠，指的是相邻的两个或多个外边距 (margin) 会合并成一个外边距。margin 折叠 必须发生在普通流元素中。

　　3.1：Collapsing margins 初衷

　　Collapsing margins 的初衷就是为了让段落显示的更加好看。以由几个段落组成的典型文本页面为例。第一个段落上面的空间等于段落的上外边距。如果没有外边距合并，后续所有段落之间的外边距都将是相邻上外边距和下外边距的和。这意味着段落之间的空间是页面顶部的两倍。如果发生外边距合并，段落之间的上外边距和下外边距就合并在一起，这样各处的距离就一致了。

 

此图来源于 W3C

　　3.2：Collapsing margins 类型

　　　　3.2.1：兄弟元素的 margin 重叠

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="container"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">2</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="an-container"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;"> 1</span> <span style="color: #800000;">.container </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 2</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 3</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 4</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  margin-bottom</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 10px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 5</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightpink</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 6</span> }
<span style="color: #008080;"> 7</span> <span style="color: #800000;">.an-container </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 8</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 9</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">10</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  margin-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 10px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">11</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">12</span> }

 

　　　　3.2.2：父子元素的 margin 重叠

  • 两个或多个外边距没有被非空内容、padding、border 或 clear 分隔开。
  • 这些 margin 都处于普通流中。

　　　　　　margin-top 重叠：在没有被分隔的情况下，一个元素的 margin-top 会和它普通流中的第一个子元素(非浮动元素等)的 margin-top 相邻。

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="container"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">2</span>             <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="an-container"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">3</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;"> 1</span> <span style="color: #800000;">.container </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 2</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 150px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 3</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  margin-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 10px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 4</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightpink</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 5</span> }
<span style="color: #008080;"> 6</span> <span style="color: #800000;">.container .an-container </span>{
<span style="color: #008080;"> 7</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 8</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;"> 9</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">10</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">  margin-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 10px</span>;
<span style="color: #008080;">11</span> }

 

　　　　　　margin-bottom 重叠：在没有被分隔的情况下，只有在父元素的 height 是 "auto" 的情况下，它的 margin-bottom 才会和它普通流中的最后一个子元素(非浮动元素等)的 margin-bottom 相邻。就是说，父元素的height值不能是固定高度值。如果父元素固定高度，那么margin-bottom会无效的。代码同上。

 

　　　　3.2.3：元素自身的 margin-bottom 和 margin-top 相邻时也会折叠

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="border:1px solid red; width:100px;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">2</span>     <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="margin-top: 100px;margin-bottom: 50px;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">3</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>

以上代码运行后，我们讲得到的是红色边框的正方形，方框的宽高都应该是 100px，高度不应该是 150px。

 

4.折叠后 margin 的计算规则

　　4.1：参与折叠的 margin 都是正值

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="height:50px; margin-bottom:50px; width:50px; background-color: red;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>A<span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">2</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="height:50px; margin-top:100px; width:50px; background-color: green;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>B<span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>

在 margin 都是正数的情况下，取其中 margin 较大的值为最终 margin 值。

　　4.2：参与折叠的 margin 都是负值

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="height:100px; margin-bottom:-75px; width:100px; background-color: red;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>A<span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">2</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="height:100px; margin-top:-50px; margin-left:50px; width:100px; background-color: green;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>B<span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>

当 margin 都是负值的时候，取的是其中绝对值较大的，然后，从 0 位置，负向位移。

　　4.3：参与折叠的 margin 中有正值，有负值

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="height:50px; margin-bottom:-50px; width:50px; background-color: red;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>A<span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #008080;">2</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="height:50px; margin-top:100px; width:50px; background-color: green;"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>B<span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>

如果，相邻的 margin 中有正值，同时存在负值会怎样呢？有正有负，先取出负 margin 中绝对值中最大的，然后，和正 margin 值中最大的 margin 相加。其实也就是正负相加就可以了。

上面的例子最终的 margin 应该是 100 + (-50) = 50px。

 

5.Collapsing margins 解决方法

　　解决方法有如下：

　　a：浮动元素、inline-block 元素、绝对定位元素的 margin 不会和垂直方向上其他元素的 margin 折叠 ( 针对 兄弟元素)

　　　　注意: 浮动元素 , inline-block元素 , 绝对定位元素 都属于 BFC元素。

　　b：创建了块级格式化上下文(BFC, blocking formatting context )的父元素，比如说overflow:hidden，不和它的子元素发生 margin 折叠 (针对 父子元素)。

　　c：给父元素添加以下内容之一都可以避免发生 margin 重叠 。如 添加内容 ， 添加 padding ， 添加 border。

 

　　虽然有方法解决这个问题。但是目前最好的解决方案是回避这个问题。也就是，不要给指定元素添加具有指定宽度的内边距或外边距，而是尝试将内边距或外边距添加到元素的父元素和子元素。

 

 

 

 

完。

 

感谢大家的阅读。

 

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