推荐学习:《java视频教程》
对象的销毁
在C++中析构方法用于释放资源并且销毁对象本身。
在Java中,由于GC的存在,我们不需要手动回收内存,这大大减少了工作量,也提高了程序的安全性。但是Java也确实存在一个类似于C++中析构的函数。
finalize方法
重载该方法,用于在类被GC回收的时候执行一些操作。
下面是一个类实现finalize的示例。
Aoo类具有一个int 一个String属性,重载了toString并且在构造其中打印这个对象及其创建时间,在finalize中打印这个对象及调用时间。
Aoo类
public class Aoo { private int id; private String name; public Aoo(){ this(0, null); } public Aoo(int id, String name){ this.id = id; this.name = name; System.out.println(this.toString() + " now create:" + System.currentTimeMillis()); } /* * 省略get/set/toString */ protected void finalize() throws Throwable{ super.finalize(); System.out.println(this.toString() + "now finalize:" + System.currentTimeMillis()); } }
首先,一个简单的测试
main方法
public class FinalizeTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Aoo a = new Aoo(1, "a"); a = null; System.gc() Thread.sleep(2000); System.exit(0); } }
打印结果:
id:1 name:a now create:1497547723036
id:1 name:anow finalize:1497547724059
GC对对象的回收
这里手动调用了GC来清理内存,而如果将其注释掉System.gc();,打印结果是这样的:
id:1 name:a now create:1497547846923
也就是说,在没有特意调用GC的情况下,finalize方法根本没有被调用,也就是说这个对象根本没有被主动回收。
和想象中的不同,GC的运行方式是惰性的,也就是说,在内存没有一处的情况下,GC不会去主动回收对象,为了验证这个想法,我创建了一个线程,用于不断的消耗内存,并且不主动调用GC。
ThreadA类
public class ThreadA implements Runnable{ public void run() { List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); int i = 0; while(true){ list.add(i); i++; } } }
main方法
public class FinalizeTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Aoo a = new Aoo(1, "a"); a = null; ThreadA ta = new ThreadA(); Thread t = new Thread(ta); t.start(); Thread.sleep(2000); System.exit(0); } }
打印结果:
id:1 name:a now create:1497548135268
id:1 name:anow finalize:1497548135386
这一次尽管没有手动调用GC,但是finalize方法仍然运行了,也就是说,只有在内存被消耗、需要GC出面清理内存的时候,GC才会运行。
这样的finalize方法确实不靠谱,连能不能被调用都不一定,更不用说完成什么特定的操作了,如果需要关流等回收资源,不如手动调用一个方法,或者在final块中统一释放资源。
在finalize方法中,是否重新给自己指定一个引用来避免被GC回收?
尝试在finalize方法中重新引用来让GC无法回收
修改后的Aoo如下
public class Aoo { public static Aoo SAVE = null; private int id; private String name; public Aoo(){ this(0, null); } public Aoo(int id, String name){ this.id = id; this.name = name; System.out.println(this.toString() + " now create:" + System.currentTimeMillis()); } /* * 省略get/set/toString */ protected void finalize() throws Throwable{ super.finalize(); System.out.println(this.toString() + "now finalize:" + System.currentTimeMillis()); SAVE = this; } }
main方法
public class FinalizeTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Aoo.SAVE = new Aoo(1, "a"); Aoo.SAVE = null; System.gc(); Thread.sleep(500); System.out.println(Aoo.SAVE == null? "a is dead" : "a is alive" ); System.exit(0); } }
打印结果:
id:1 name:a now create:1497551409195
id:1 name:anow finalize:1497551409201
a is alive
这里看出,Aoo.SAVE对象确实“复活了”,不过这样的操作是有限制的,如果故技重施不会再一次“复活”该对象。
main方法
public class FinalizeTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Aoo.SAVE = new Aoo(1, "a"); Aoo.SAVE = null; System.gc(); Thread.sleep(500); System.out.println(Aoo.SAVE == null? "a is dead" : "a is alive" ); Aoo.SAVE = null; System.gc(); Thread.sleep(500); System.out.println(Aoo.SAVE == null? "a is dead" : "a is alive" ); System.exit(0); } }
打印结果:
id:1 name:a now create:1497551587715
id:1 name:anow finalize:1497551587721
a is alive
a is dead
这里注意到,两次的操作是相同的,而finalize方法只会被系统调用一次。
如果finalze方法中出现死循环会发生什么?
Aoo类
public class Aoo { private int id; private String name; public Aoo(){ this(0, null); } public Aoo(int id, String name){ this.id = id; this.name = name; System.out.println(this.toString() + " now create:" + System.currentTimeMillis()); } /* * 省略get/set/toString */ protected void finalize() throws Throwable{ super.finalize(); while(true){ System.out.println(this.toString() + "now finalize:" + System.currentTimeMillis()); Thread.sleep(100); } } }
main方法
public class FinalizeTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Aoo a1 = new Aoo(1 , "a1"); Aoo a2 = new Aoo(2 , "a2"); a1 = null; a2 = null; ThreadA ta = new ThreadA(); Thread t = new Thread(ta); t.start(); Thread.sleep(5000); System.exit(0); } }
打印结果:
id:1 name:a1 now create:1497552024252
id:2 name:a2 now create:1497552024252
id:1 name:a1now finalize:1497552024373
id:1 name:a1now finalize:1497552024503
id:1 name:a1now finalize:1497552026848
id:1 name:a1now finalize:1497552028960
id:1 name:a1now finalize:1497552032363
结果是随机的,有时候是执行的a1的finalize,有的时候执行的是a2的。
这个结果说明了两点:
1.finalze方法在的线程优先级很低,时间间隔相当的不确定并且明显大于100毫秒。
2.这个死循环导致了别的对象的finalize方法无法执行。
如果对象的创建出现这种死循环,会不会导致对象无法销毁进而导致内存溢出?
我们大量创建Aoo对象,并且等待GC自己回收内存。
为了直观的观看finalize方法的调用情况,删除掉了Aoo对象初始化的时候的打印代码。
main方法
public class FinalizeTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { int i = 1; while(true){ Aoo a = new Aoo(i , "a" + i); i++; } } }
让程序执行了约两分钟,然后手动终止,查看输出
1497554225913
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554226151
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554227635
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554227735
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554227836
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554229586
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554229686
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554229951
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554230051
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554230152
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554233699
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554233800
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554233900
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554234308
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554234408
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554234508
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554235053
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554235153
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554235253
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554235823
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554235923
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554236023
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554240324
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554240424
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554240525
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554241146
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554241247
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554241347
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554241448
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554242020
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554242120
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554242220
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554242321
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554242421
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554242521
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554248367
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554248467
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554248567
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554248667
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554249534
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554249634
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554249734
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554249835
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554255954
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554256055
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554256155
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554256255
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554256356
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554257285
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554257386
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554257486
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554257586
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554257686
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554268652
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554268753
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554268853
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554268953
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554269054
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554269154
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554277474
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554292852
id:269614 name:a269614now finalize:1497554301062
可以发现两个情况:
1.只有一个对象的finalize方法被执行了,也就是说这个死循环的finalize方法阻止了其他对象执行finalize方法
2.程序执行很快的一段时间后,finalize方法就开始执行,但是随着内存消耗的不断增加,finalize方法被执行的次数也就越来越少。至于为什么这样,我不知道= =#
总结
至此,我尝试了finalize方法的一些用法和特殊情况。可以看出,GC调用finalize方法存在巨大的不确定性,确实很不靠谱,不过通过这个方法,了解了一些关于GC的知识,也让我明白,虽然Java语言虽然具有高度的一致性等特点使之很容易上手,但是要做到对Java的精通,路还很远呢~~
推荐学习:《java视频教程》
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