What is NFS? Share to implement NFS sharing on CentOS7

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Release: 2017-06-20 09:31:04
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1. Introduction

NFS 是Network File System的缩写,即网络文件系统。一种使用于分散式文件系统的协定,功能是让客户端通过网络访问不同主机上磁盘里的数据,主要用在类Unix系统上实现文件共享的一种方法。 NFS在文件传送或信息传送过程中依赖于RPC协议。RPC,远程过程调用 (Remote Procedure Call) 是能使客户端执行其他系统中程序的一种机制。NFS本身是没有提供信息传输的协议和功能的,但NFS却能让我们通过网络进行资料的分享,这是因为NFS使用了一些其它的传输协议。而这些传输协议用到这个RPC功能的。可以说NFS本身就是使用RPC的一个程序。或者说NFS也是一个RPC SERVER。所以只要用到NFS的地方都要启动RPC服务,不论是NFS SERVER或者NFS CLIENT。这样SERVER和CLIENT才能通过RPC来实现PROGRAM PORT的对应。可以这么理解RPC和NFS的关系:NFS是一个文件系统,而RPC是负责负责信息的传输。
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2. Server configuration

1. Turn off the system firewall and selinux

#查看系统防火墙的状态,可以看到防火墙是开着的 [root@bogon ~]#systemctl status firewalld ● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Sat 2017-06-03 09:38:00 CST; 8s ago Docs: man:firewalld(1) Main PID: 24067 (firewalld) CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service └─24067 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid Jun 03 09:37:58 bogon systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Jun 03 09:38:00 bogon systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. #关闭防火墙 [root@bogon ~]#systemctl stop firewalld #再次查看防火墙,可以看到已经关闭了 [root@bogon ~]#systemctl status firewalld ● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:firewalld(1) Jun 01 11:33:35 localhost systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Jun 01 11:33:44 localhost systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Jun 03 09:11:32 bogon systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Jun 03 09:11:34 bogon systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Jun 03 09:37:58 bogon systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Jun 03 09:38:00 bogon systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Jun 03 09:38:34 bogon systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Jun 03 09:38:36 bogon systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. #查看selinux的运行模式,现在为强制模式 [root@bogon share]#getenforce Enforcing #把selinux设为许可模式 [root@bogon share]#setenforce 0 #再次查看selinux的运行模式,已经变为许可模式 [root@bogon share]#getenforce Permissive #要想禁用selinux,则需要编辑selinux的配置文件,把SELINUX设置成disabled,然后重启生效 [root@bogon share]#vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux [root@bogon share]#cat /etc/sysconfig/selinux # This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. # SELINUX= can take one of these three values: # enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. # permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. # disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded. SELINUX=disabled # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values: # targeted - Targeted processes are protected, # minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. # mls - Multi Level Security protection. SELINUXTYPE=targeted
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2. Install the required software packages

[root@bogon ~]#yum install -y rpc-bind nfs-utils
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3. Server configuration

NFS服务的主要配置文件为 /etc/exports. /etc/exports文件内容格式: <输出目录> 客户端(选项:访问权限,用户映射,其他] 输出目录是指NFS系统中所定义的共享给客户端使用的文件系统 客户端是定义网络中可以访问这个NFS共享目录的IP地址或网段或域名等 客户端常用的指定方式 指定ip地址的主机:192.168.100.1 指定一个子网:192.168.100.0/24 也可以写成:192.168.100.0/255.255.255.0 指定域名的主机:david.bsmart.cn 指定域中的所有主机:*.bsmart.cn 所有主机:* 选项用来设置输出目录的访问权限、用户映射等。 NFS主要有3类选项: 设置输出目录只读:ro 设置输出目录读写:rw 用户映射选项 all_squash:将远程访问的所有普通用户及所属组都映射为匿名用户或用户组(nfsnobody); no_all_squash:与all_squash取反(默认设置); root_squash:将root用户及所属组都映射为匿名用户或用户组(默认设置); no_root_squash:与rootsquash取反; anonuid=xxx:将远程访问的所有用户都映射为匿名用户,并指定该用户为本地用户(UID=xxx); anongid=xxx:将远程访问的所有用户组都映射为匿名用户组账户,并指定该匿名用户组账户为本地用户组账户(GID=xxx); 其它选项 secure:限制客户端只能从小于1024的tcp/ip端口连接nfs服务器(默认设置); insecure:允许客户端从大于1024的tcp/ip端口连接服务器; sync:将数据同步写入内存缓冲区与磁盘中,效率低,但可以保证数据的一致性; async:将数据先保存在内存缓冲区中,必要时才写入磁盘; wdelay:检查是否有相关的写操作,如果有则将这些写操作一起执行,这样可以提高效率(默认设置); no_wdelay:若有写操作则立即执行,应与sync配合使用; subtree:若输出目录是一个子目录,则nfs服务器将检查其父目录的权限(默认设置); no_subtree:即使输出目录是一个子目录,nfs服务器也不检查其父目录的权限,这样可以提高效率;
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Modify the /etc/exports file and define NFS share

#修改NFS配置文件,定义共享 [root@bogon ~]#vi /etc/exports #定义向所有客户端共享/share目录,共享方式为可读可写 [root@bogon ~]#cat /etc/exports /share *(rw,sync) #创建/share这个共享目录 [root@bogon ~]#mkdir /share #把共享目录的权限设定为所有用户都可读可写权限 [root@bogon ~]#chmod 766 /share #把NFS加入到开机自启动选项中 [root@bogon ~]#systemctl enable nfs Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nfs-server.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service. #开启NFS服务 [root@bogon ~]#systemctl start nfs #把RPCbind加入开机处启动选项中 [root@bogon ~]#systemctl enable rpcbind #启动RPCbind [root@bogon ~]#systemctl start rpcbind #查看NFS服务的状态 ,可以看到NFS服务已经在运行中 [root@bogon ~]#systemctl status nfs ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (exited) since Sat 2017-06-03 09:22:02 CST; 37min ago Main PID: 23967 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service Jun 03 09:22:02 bogon systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services... Jun 03 09:22:02 bogon systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services. #查看本机共享的文件系统 [root@bogon ~]#exportfs /share 
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3. Client configuration:

1. Close the firewall on the client With selinux, the method is the same as above.

2. Install the NFS software package on the client and set the NFS service to start automatically at boot. The method is the same as above.

3. Mount the shared NFS file system

#把192.168.16.29这个主机上的共享目录挂载到本机的/media上 [root@bogon ~]#mount 192.168.16.29:/share /media #查看是否已经挂载成功 [root@bogon ~]#mount | grep media 192.168.16.29:/share on /media type nfs4 (rw,relatime,vers=4.0,rsize=131072,wsize=131072,namlen=255,hard,proto=tcp,port=0,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,clientaddr=192.168.16.177,local_lock=none,addr=192.168.16.29) #把共享目录写入系统挂载文件系统 [root@bogon ~]#vi /etc/fstab [root@bogon ~]#cat /etc/fstab | grep media 192.168.16.29:/share /media nfs4 defaults 0 0
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4. Test:

1. Create a 10M file in the server shared directory

[root@bogon media]#cd /share [root@bogon share]#ls #在NFS共享目录上新建一个10M大小的文件,提示成功 [root@bogon share]#dd if=/dev/zero of=/share/f1 bs=1M count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10485760 bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.0351504 s, 298 MB/s [root@bogon share]#ll -h total 10M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10M Jun 3 10:14 f1
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2. Create another file f2 on the client and try at the same time Delete another file f1

[root@bogon ~]#cd /media [root@bogon media]#ls f1 #在共享目录上新建一个文件f2,未报错 [root@bogon media]#touch f2 #删除存在的文件f1,未报错 [root@bogon media]#rm -f f1
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3. View the files in the shared directory on the server

[root@bogon share]#ls f2
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