Java 함수의 재귀 호출을 통해 대량의 데이터를 처리하는 방법은 무엇입니까?

public static int factorial(int n) {
  int result = 1;
  for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
    result *= i;
  }
  return result;
}

public static int mergeSort(int[] arr, int start, int end){ 
  if (start < end) {
    int mid = start + (end - start) / 2; 
    mergeSort(arr, start, mid); 
    mergeSort(arr, mid + 1, end); 
    merge(arr, start, mid, end); 
  } 
  return arr; 
}

public static void merge(int[] arr, int start, int mid, int end) { 
  int[] temp = new int[end - start + 1];  
  int left = start; 
  int right = mid + 1; 
  int k = 0; 

  while (left <= mid && right <= end) { 
    if (arr[left] < arr[right]) { 
      temp[k] = arr[left]; 
      left++; 
    } 
    else { 
      temp[k] = arr[right]; 
      right++; 
    } 
    k++; 
  } 
} 

public static int factorial(int n) {
  return factorialHelper(n, 1);
}

private static int factorialHelper(int n, int acc) {
  if (n == 0) {
    return acc;
  }
  return factorialHelper(n - 1, acc * n);
}

public static int fibonacci(int n) {
  if (n == 0) {
    return 0;
  }
  if (n == 1) {
    return 1;
  }
  return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}

public static int fibonacci(int n) {
  if (n == 0) {
    return 0;
  }
  if (n == 1) {
    return 1;
  }
  int prev = 0;
  int curr = 1;
  for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
    int next = prev + curr;
    prev = curr;
    curr = next;
  }
  return curr;
}