PHP 캡슐화의 고급 기능

class Person {
  public $name;  // 公共属性
  protected $age;  // 受保护的属性
  private $email;  // 私有属性

  public function __construct($name, $age, $email) {
    $this->name = $name;
    $this->age = $age;
    $this->email = $email;
  }

  public function getAge() {
    return $this->age;  // 只能在类内部访问
  }
}

$person = new Person("John", 25, "john@example.com");
echo $person->name;  // 可以直接访问
echo $person->age;  // 报错，受保护的属性不能在外部访问
echo $person->email;  // 报错，私有属性不能在外部访问
echo $person->getAge();  // 可以通过公共方法访问受保护的属性

class Animal {
  private $name;

  public function __construct($name) {
    $this->name = $name;
  }

  public function getName() {
    return $this->name;
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  private $breed;

  public function __construct($name, $breed) {
    parent::__construct($name);
    $this->breed = $breed;
  }

  public function getBreed() {
    return $this->breed;
  }
}

$dog = new Dog("Max", "Golden Retriever");
echo $dog->getName();  // 可以调用父类的方法
echo $dog->getBreed();  // 可以调用子类的方法

interface Shape {
  public function calculateArea();
}

class Rectangle implements Shape {
  private $width;
  private $height;

  public function __construct($width, $height) {
    $this->width = $width;
    $this->height = $height;
  }

  public function calculateArea() {
    return $this->width * $this->height;
  }
}

class Circle implements Shape {
  private $radius;

  public function __construct($radius) {
    $this->radius = $radius;
  }

  public function calculateArea() {
    return 3.14 * $this->radius * $this->radius;
  }
}

$rectangle = new Rectangle(5, 10);
$circle = new Circle(7);

echo $rectangle->calculateArea();  // 输出50
echo $circle->calculateArea();  // 输出153.86