Vue 인스턴스를 마운트하는 방법은 무엇입니까? 인스턴스 마운팅 과정에 대해 이야기해보겠습니다.

function Vue (options) {
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
    !(this instanceof Vue)
  ) {
    warn('Vue is a constructor and should be called with the `new` keyword')
  }
  this._init(options)
}

initMixin(Vue);     // 定义 _init
stateMixin(Vue);    // 定义 $set $get $delete $watch 等
eventsMixin(Vue);   // 定义事件  $on  $once $off $emit
lifecycleMixin(Vue);// 定义 _update  $forceUpdate  $destroy
renderMixin(Vue);   // 定义 _render 返回虚拟dom

Vue.prototype._init = function (options?: Object) {
    const vm: Component = this
    // a uid
    vm._uid = uid++
    let startTag, endTag
    /* istanbul ignore if */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
      startTag = `vue-perf-start:${vm._uid}`
      endTag = `vue-perf-end:${vm._uid}`
      mark(startTag)
    }

    // a flag to avoid this being observed
    vm._isVue = true
    // merge options
    // 合并属性，判断初始化的是否是组件，这里合并主要是 mixins 或 extends 的方法
    if (options && options._isComponent) {
      // optimize internal component instantiation
      // since dynamic options merging is pretty slow, and none of the
      // internal component options needs special treatment.
      initInternalComponent(vm, options)
    } else { // 合并vue属性
      vm.$options = mergeOptions(
        resolveConstructorOptions(vm.constructor),
        options || {},
        vm
      )
    }
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      // 初始化proxy拦截器
      initProxy(vm)
    } else {
      vm._renderProxy = vm
    }
    // expose real self
    vm._self = vm
    // 初始化组件生命周期标志位
    initLifecycle(vm)
    // 初始化组件事件侦听
    initEvents(vm)
    // 初始化渲染方法
    initRender(vm)
    callHook(vm, 'beforeCreate')
    // 初始化依赖注入内容，在初始化data、props之前
    initInjections(vm) // resolve injections before data/props
    // 初始化props/data/method/watch/methods
    initState(vm)
    initProvide(vm) // resolve provide after data/props
    callHook(vm, 'created')

    /* istanbul ignore if */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
      vm._name = formatComponentName(vm, false)
      mark(endTag)
      measure(`vue ${vm._name} init`, startTag, endTag)
    }
    // 挂载元素
    if (vm.$options.el) {
      vm.$mount(vm.$options.el)
    }
  }

export function initState (vm: Component) {
  // 初始化组件的watcher列表
  vm._watchers = []
  const opts = vm.$options
  // 初始化props
  if (opts.props) initProps(vm, opts.props)
  // 初始化methods方法
  if (opts.methods) initMethods(vm, opts.methods)
  if (opts.data) {
    // 初始化data  
    initData(vm)
  } else {
    observe(vm._data = {}, true /* asRootData */)
  }
  if (opts.computed) initComputed(vm, opts.computed)
  if (opts.watch && opts.watch !== nativeWatch) {
    initWatch(vm, opts.watch)
  }
}

function initData (vm: Component) {
  let data = vm.$options.data
  // 获取到组件上的data
  data = vm._data = typeof data === 'function'
    ? getData(data, vm)
    : data || {}
  if (!isPlainObject(data)) {
    data = {}
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      'data functions should return an object:\n' +
      'https://vuejs.org/v2/guide/components.html#data-Must-Be-a-Function',
      vm
    )
  }
  // proxy data on instance
  const keys = Object.keys(data)
  const props = vm.$options.props
  const methods = vm.$options.methods
  let i = keys.length
  while (i--) {
    const key = keys[i]
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      // 属性名不能与方法名重复
      if (methods && hasOwn(methods, key)) {
        warn(
          `Method "${key}" has already been defined as a data property.`,
          vm
        )
      }
    }
    // 属性名不能与state名称重复
    if (props && hasOwn(props, key)) {
      process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
        `The data property "${key}" is already declared as a prop. ` +
        `Use prop default value instead.`,
        vm
      )
    } else if (!isReserved(key)) { // 验证key值的合法性
      // 将_data中的数据挂载到组件vm上,这样就可以通过this.xxx访问到组件上的数据
      proxy(vm, `_data`, key)
    }
  }
  // observe data
  // 响应式监听data是数据的变化
  observe(data, true /* asRootData */)
}

Vue.prototype.$mount = function (
  el?: string | Element,
  hydrating?: boolean
): Component {
  // 获取或查询元素
  el = el && query(el)

  /* istanbul ignore if */
  // vue 不允许直接挂载到body或页面文档上
  if (el === document.body || el === document.documentElement) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      `Do not mount Vue to <html> or <body> - mount to normal elements instead.`
    )
    return this
  }

  const options = this.$options
  // resolve template/el and convert to render function
  if (!options.render) {
    let template = options.template
    // 存在template模板，解析vue模板文件
    if (template) {
      if (typeof template === &#39;string&#39;) {
        if (template.charAt(0) === &#39;#&#39;) {
          template = idToTemplate(template)
          /* istanbul ignore if */
          if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== &#39;production&#39; && !template) {
            warn(
              `Template element not found or is empty: ${options.template}`,
              this
            )
          }
        }
      } else if (template.nodeType) {
        template = template.innerHTML
      } else {
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== &#39;production&#39;) {
          warn(&#39;invalid template option:&#39; + template, this)
        }
        return this
      }
    } else if (el) {
      // 通过选择器获取元素内容
      template = getOuterHTML(el)
    }
    if (template) {
      /* istanbul ignore if */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== &#39;production&#39; && config.performance && mark) {
        mark(&#39;compile&#39;)
      }
      /**
       *  1.将temmplate解析ast tree
       *  2.将ast tree转换成render语法字符串
       *  3.生成render方法
       */
      const { render, staticRenderFns } = compileToFunctions(template, {
        outputSourceRange: process.env.NODE_ENV !== &#39;production&#39;,
        shouldDecodeNewlines,
        shouldDecodeNewlinesForHref,
        delimiters: options.delimiters,
        comments: options.comments
      }, this)
      options.render = render
      options.staticRenderFns = staticRenderFns

      /* istanbul ignore if */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== &#39;production&#39; && config.performance && mark) {
        mark(&#39;compile end&#39;)
        measure(`vue ${this._name} compile`, &#39;compile&#39;, &#39;compile end&#39;)
      }
    }
  }
  return mount.call(this, el, hydrating)
}

// public mount method
Vue.prototype.$mount = function (
  el?: string | Element,
  hydrating?: boolean
): Component {
  el = el && inBrowser ? query(el) : undefined
  // 渲染组件
  return mountComponent(this, el, hydrating)
}

export function mountComponent (
  vm: Component,
  el: ?Element,
  hydrating?: boolean
): Component {
  vm.$el = el
  // 如果没有获取解析的render函数，则会抛出警告
  // render是解析模板文件生成的
  if (!vm.$options.render) {
    vm.$options.render = createEmptyVNode
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      /* istanbul ignore if */
      if ((vm.$options.template && vm.$options.template.charAt(0) !== '#') ||
        vm.$options.el || el) {
        warn(
          'You are using the runtime-only build of Vue where the template ' +
          'compiler is not available. Either pre-compile the templates into ' +
          'render functions, or use the compiler-included build.',
          vm
        )
      } else {
        // 没有获取到vue的模板文件
        warn(
          'Failed to mount component: template or render function not defined.',
          vm
        )
      }
    }
  }
  // 执行beforeMount钩子
  callHook(vm, 'beforeMount')

  let updateComponent
  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
    updateComponent = () => {
      const name = vm._name
      const id = vm._uid
      const startTag = `vue-perf-start:${id}`
      const endTag = `vue-perf-end:${id}`

      mark(startTag)
      const vnode = vm._render()
      mark(endTag)
      measure(`vue ${name} render`, startTag, endTag)

      mark(startTag)
      vm._update(vnode, hydrating)
      mark(endTag)
      measure(`vue ${name} patch`, startTag, endTag)
    }
  } else {
    // 定义更新函数
    updateComponent = () => {
      // 实际调⽤是在lifeCycleMixin中定义的_update和renderMixin中定义的_render
      vm._update(vm._render(), hydrating)
    }
  }
  // we set this to vm._watcher inside the watcher's constructor
  // since the watcher's initial patch may call $forceUpdate (e.g. inside child
  // component's mounted hook), which relies on vm._watcher being already defined
  // 监听当前组件状态，当有数据变化时，更新组件
  new Watcher(vm, updateComponent, noop, {
    before () {
      if (vm._isMounted && !vm._isDestroyed) {
        // 数据更新引发的组件更新
        callHook(vm, 'beforeUpdate')
      }
    }
  }, true /* isRenderWatcher */)
  hydrating = false

  // manually mounted instance, call mounted on self
  // mounted is called for render-created child components in its inserted hook
  if (vm.$vnode == null) {
    vm._isMounted = true
    callHook(vm, 'mounted')
  }
  return vm
}

// 定义vue 原型上的render方法
Vue.prototype._render = function (): VNode {
    const vm: Component = this
    // render函数来自于组件的option
    const { render, _parentVnode } = vm.$options

    if (_parentVnode) {
        vm.$scopedSlots = normalizeScopedSlots(
            _parentVnode.data.scopedSlots,
            vm.$slots,
            vm.$scopedSlots
        )
    }

    // set parent vnode. this allows render functions to have access
    // to the data on the placeholder node.
    vm.$vnode = _parentVnode
    // render self
    let vnode
    try {
        // There's no need to maintain a stack because all render fns are called
        // separately from one another. Nested component's render fns are called
        // when parent component is patched.
        currentRenderingInstance = vm
        // 调用render方法，自己的独特的render方法， 传入createElement参数，生成vNode
        vnode = render.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement)
    } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, vm, `render`)
        // return error render result,
        // or previous vnode to prevent render error causing blank component
        /* istanbul ignore else */
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && vm.$options.renderError) {
            try {
                vnode = vm.$options.renderError.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement, e)
            } catch (e) {
                handleError(e, vm, `renderError`)
                vnode = vm._vnode
            }
        } else {
            vnode = vm._vnode
        }
    } finally {
        currentRenderingInstance = null
    }
    // if the returned array contains only a single node, allow it
    if (Array.isArray(vnode) && vnode.length === 1) {
        vnode = vnode[0]
    }
    // return empty vnode in case the render function errored out
    if (!(vnode instanceof VNode)) {
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && Array.isArray(vnode)) {
            warn(
                'Multiple root nodes returned from render function. Render function ' +
                'should return a single root node.',
                vm
            )
        }
        vnode = createEmptyVNode()
    }
    // set parent
    vnode.parent = _parentVnode
    return vnode
}