Java의 일반적인 메커니즘에 대해 이야기합시다.

    List list=new ArrayList();
    list.add("String");
    list.add(1024);

class Test<T>{...} //声明时
Test<Integer> test = new Test<Integer>(); //调用时
Test<Integer> test = new Test(); //1.7调用时

<?>//无界泛型，任意类型都匹配
<T extends ClassA>//有界泛型 - 继承自某父类
<T extends InterfaceB>//有界泛型 - 实现某接口
<T extends ClassA & InterfaceB & InterfaceC ... >//有界泛型 - 多重边界
<T super ClassC>//有界泛型 - 指定类父类

//Pair的泛型
public class Pair<T> {

    private T mFirst;
    private T mSecond;

    public T getmFirst() {
        return mFirst;
    }

    public void setmFirst(T mFirst) {
        this.mFirst = mFirst;
    }

    public T getmSecond() {
        return mSecond;
    }

    public void setmSecond(T mSecond) {
        this.mSecond = mSecond;
    }
}

//Pair的原始类型
//无论何时定义一个泛型类型，都会自动提供一个相应的 原始类型
public class Pair {

    private Object mFirst;
    private Object mSecond;

    public Object getFirst() {
        return mFirst;
    }

    public void setFirst(Object mFirst) {
        this.mFirst = mFirst;
    }

    public Object getSecond() {
        return mSecond;
    }

    public void setmSecond(Object mSecond) {
        this.mSecond = mSecond;
    }
}

//如果调用Pair<T extends String>编译擦除后得到如下=
class Pair{
    private String mFirst;
    private String mSecond;
    ...
}

public static void insertElements(List<? super A> list){
    //Add进来的都是层级“小于等于”A的，也就是下界
    list.add(new A());
    list.add(new B());
    list.add(new C());
}

public void processElements(List<? extends A> elements){
   //for循环挨个get list 里的数据，都当做A，也就是都当做上界
   for(A a : elements){
      System.out.println(a.getValue());
   }
}

Type Erasure
Generics were introduced to the Java language to provide tighter type checks at compile time and to support generic programming. To implement generics, the Java compiler applies type erasure to:
Replace all type parameters in generic types with their bounds or Object if the type parameters are unbounded. The produced bytecode, therefore, contains only ordinary classes, interfaces, and methods.Insert type casts if necessary to preserve type safety.Generate bridge methods to preserve polymorphism in extended generic types.Type erasure ensures that no new classes are created for parameterized types; consequently, generics incur no runtime overhead.