PHP 클래스에서 self, parent, this의 차이점은 무엇입니까?

<?php
class test{
 public $public;
 private $private;
 protected $protected;
 static $instance;
 static $good = &#39;tankzhang <br>&#39;;
 public $tank = &#39;zhangying <br>&#39;;
 public  function construct(){
 $this->public    = &#39;public     <br>&#39;;
 $this->private   = &#39;private    <br>&#39;;
 $this->protected = &#39;protected  <br>&#39;;
 }
 public function tank(){                          //私有方法不能继承，换成public,protected
 if (!isset(self::$instance[get_class()]))
 {
 $c = get_class();
 self::$instance = new $c;
 }
 return self::$instance;
 }   
 public function pub_function() {
 echo "you request public function<br>";
 echo $this->public;
 }
 protected  function pro_function(){
 echo "you request protected function<br>";
 echo $this->protected;
 }
 private function pri_function(){
 echo "you request private function<br>";
 echo $this->private;
 }
 static function sta_function(){
 echo "you request static function<br>";
 }
}
class test1 extends test{
 static $love = "tank <br>";
 private $aaaaaaa = "ying <br>";
 public function construct(){
 parent::tank();
 parent::construct();
 }
 public function tank(){
 echo $this->public;
 echo $this->protected;
 echo $this->aaaaaaa;
 $this->pro_function();
 }
 public  function test1_function(){
 echo self::$love;
 echo self::$good;
 echo parent::$good;
 echo parent::$tank;   //Fatal error: Access to undeclared static property: test::$tank
 echo self::$tank;     //Fatal error: Access to undeclared static property: test::$tank
 }
 static function extends_function(){
 parent::sta_function();
 self::pro_function();
 echo "you request extends_private function<br>";
 }
}
error_reporting(E_ALL);
$test = new test1();
$test->tank();            //子类和父类有相同名字的属性和方法，实例化子类时，会调用子类中的方法。
test1::test1_function();
test1::extends_function();  //执行一部分后，报Fatal error: Using $this when not in object context in D:\xampp\htdocs\mytest\www4.php on line 32
?>